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Today is the Lantern Festival. Eating "Yuanxiao" on the Lantern Festival is a custom of China people. The round glutinous rice dumplings symbolize happiness and reunion, and are entrusted with people’s good wishes for the new year. Shanghai’s "Lantern Festival" is divided into northern style, Ningbo style, Soviet style, Guangdong style and so on. There are also many other varieties, such as fermented rice balls, pigeon egg rice balls, "Benbang Tangtuan" and so on. In addition, there are "dry" cooking and "dry" eating methods such as rolling sand balls and dry frying. Let’s get to know it together! See ↓

There are "wet" and "dry"

Various wrapping methods and eating methods of dumplings

"Yuanxiao" is also called Tangyuan, also known as Tangtuan. Its name is different, and there are various schools of wrapping and eating. In modern times, Shanghai was the earliest trading port in China, and people from all over the world brought different kinds of dumplings to Shanghai.

The Shanghai Archives keeps a manuscript of Lantern Festival Words "Yuanxiao" written by an old Shanghai gourmet, which was written by Ms. Shi Jingzhen, an old Shanghai businessman. In her account, the "Lantern Festival" in Shanghai is divided into northern style, Ningbo style, Soviet style, Cantonese style and so on.

"Lantern Festival Words" Lantern Festival "written by Shi Jingzhen (Shanghai Archives Collection)

The North-style "Yuanxiao" is made by rolling dried glutinous rice flour into a round ball the size of a walnut, and its stuffing is made by mixing walnut meat, melon seeds, green plums and red melons with cooked lard, sugar and flour.

The Ningbo-style Yuanxiao, commonly known as Ningbo Tangtuan, is made of soaked glutinous rice flour with lard bean paste or lard ginkgo in the middle. It is smooth, soft and sweet when cooked and has a unique flavor.

Although the dumplings we eat now are sweet and salty, the "Yuanxiao" in Shi Jingzhen’s article is all the same color "sweet mouth", which is probably her personal preference, but it also conforms to the general public’s impression of Jiangnan people.

The Northern Lantern Festival rolled in the basket. Sometimes "Yuanxiao" refers to the northern Yuanxiao, and "Tangtuan" refers to the southern Yuanxiao.

In fact, there are many other varieties of Yuanxiao in Shanghai.

For example, the glutinous rice from Jintan, which has a history of more than 100 years, is exquisite. The quality of the glutinous rice is relatively condensed, and the glutinous rice is brewed by itself, which is sweet but not sour. The glutinous rice is rich and sweet, and its taste is beautiful, which is welcomed by customers. If every long summer Festival, there will be more customers ".

Glutinous Rice Balls in Fermented Rice Wine

Another example is the pigeon egg dumplings, which were originally put in baskets by ingenious vendors and sold in various tea houses in the Chenghuang Temple in the old city. They are small and exquisite, shaped like pigeon eggs, soft, sweet and cool, and the sugar stuffing in the dumplings is full of sugar water, which does not condense after cold.

In fact, there is also a "native" "Yuanxiao" in Shanghai, which is the so-called "Benbang Tangtuan" (also known as Yuanzi and Tuanzi). Most of the "Benbang dumplings" are stuffed with vegetables and meat, and their size is bigger than that of Ningbo dumplings. Four diners who have a smaller appetite will "help the wall out". Nowadays, such dumpling shops can be found in Qibao, Xinchang and other ancient towns in the suburbs of Shanghai, and the business is also good.

Benbang dumplings (also known as dumplings and dumplings)

As for the way to eat dumplings, "they are usually cooked in boiling water. The cooked dumplings taste glutinous and firm, and a bag of sugar soup at the entrance is very sweet." However, the pigeon egg dumplings can be cooked in boiling water and cooled before eating. In the era when there is no refrigerator, a small bowl of pigeon egg dumplings is a good cold food for relieving summer heat.

Dove egg round son

In addition to these "wet" practices and eating methods, "Yuanxiao" also has "dry" cooking and "dry" eating.

The famous point of grinding sand circles is the representative of "doing". It filters out the water from the cooked dumplings, rolls on a layer of bean paste powder, and can be eaten hot or cold. It is delicious and convenient to carry, and is deeply loved by people. The bean paste powder on the sand ball. To make it, first-class red beans should be selected, washed and boiled to crisp, mashed and dried, ground into fine powder, fried in a pot until it is slightly burnt, and then taken out of the pot when the beans smell, and finally screened with a fine sieve. The prepared bean paste powder is brownish yellow, wrapped in "Yuanxiao", which is lovely and appetizing, and has the same effect as the traditional snack "donkey rolling" in northern China.

Leishayuan

Besides "grinding sand", "Yuanxiao" can also be fried dry. Shi Jingzhen recalled that when she was a child, every Lantern Festival, her mother would dry-fry dumplings cooked in boiling water. Watching my mother pour Yuanxiao into a cooked oil pan, stirring and pressing it, she was only as fat as a golden ball, which made her drool. Ask mom to beg for one to eat first, bite it down, and the sugar water is so hot that I want to cry, but I can’t bear to spit out the sweet, fragrant and oily sugar juice.

Fried dumplings

It has a long history and has its own merits.

Shanghai de tangtuan famous store

Most of the traditional Chinese dim sum snacks in old Shanghai are concentrated in the old town hall, especially in the Chenghuang Temple area. It can be said that it was also the "top flow" gathering place of Shanghai dim sum snack industry.

Chenghuangmiao Lantern Festival

For example, the old Tongchun Dim Sum Shop and the old Songsheng Dim Sum Shop located at No.45 and No.46, Yimiao Road, Chenghuangmiao (now Yuyuan Road, Chenghuangmiao) are both famous for their fermented dumplings and dumplings. In particular, "Old Tung Chun" was founded in 1860 and moved to Chenghuang Temple around 1925. Although it is only a small shop with more than a dozen tables, its pork dumplings with sand and fresh meat dumplings are very famous in old Shanghai.

Founded in 1857, "Lao Songsheng" has a longer history. It was founded by a Chongming named Yu. I don’t know if it was made of Chongming wine. Its wine dumplings are very delicious and often attract customers to queue up to buy them. These two small shops are neighbors and deal in the same kind of food, but they don’t feel like "peers are enemies" at all, and get along well with each other.

Registration card of retail enterprise filled in by Lao Songsheng Dim Sum Store in 1963 (Shanghai Archives Collection)

The pigeon egg is the most famous restaurant in Gu Shunxing, No.98 Yimiao Road, Chenghuangmiao. "Gu Shunxing" got its name from people. According to legend, in the 1920s and 1930s, a Ningbo man named Gu Shunxing carried a food basket every day to sell homemade pigeon balls in the tea houses of Chenghuang Temple. Gu Jia’s pigeon egg dumplings can be eaten cold without lard, which is more suitable for summer consumption. Over time, they have become famous and opened stores. After liberation, the public-private partnership, perhaps because of the relatively large scale, both "Lao Tongchun" and "Lao Songsheng" reported to "Gu Shunxing" for unified economic accounting, which was also regarded as the "shoulders" of the tangtuan community in the Chenghuang Temple.

In 1963, Gu Shunxing’s restaurant filled in the retail enterprise registration card, and there was no trace of the pigeon egg in the main products (Shanghai Archives Collection).

Speaking of "Lantern Festival" in Shanghai, "Qiaojiazha" and "Meixin" are always unavoidable. Qiaojiazha is also a "century-old shop", which was founded in 1909. It was originally named as "Yongmaochang Tangtuan Store". Because it was opened at the intersection of Qiaojiazha and Ninghe in the old city, the residents nearby called it "Qiaojiazha", and later simply took "Qiaojiazha" as the font size. "Qiaojiazha" is famous for all kinds of Ningbo dumplings and sand balls. The dumplings produced by its family are diverse in variety, exquisite in materials and fine in operation, characterized by fine powder, thin skin and many fillings, and delicious in taste.

Impression of Qiaojiazha (works by Wang Zhenkun)

Meixin Dim Sum Restaurant, located at No.105, North Shaanxi Road, is another time-honored brand in Shanghai famous for dumplings. It was founded in 1943, and has never moved its store since its opening. It is also famous for its Ning-style lard dumplings and wine-brewed dumplings.

Jin Tian de mei Xin dessert shop

There is another phenomenon in the dumpling circle of old Shanghai, that is, there are many font sizes with the same name. For example, during the Anti-Japanese War, "Qiaojiazha" appeared at the intersection of Ximen Road in the old nanshi and Huaihai Road in the western area, and the latter moved to Xiangyang South Road soon. Everyone claimed to be "authentic" and also featured dim sum such as dumplings. Another example is "Qiaojiazha", formerly known as "Yongmaochang". During the Anti-Japanese War, a master named Li Yigao opened a dumpling shop with the same name on Fangbang Road in Nanshi. At the intersection of Huaihai Road and Chongqing, there is also the "Yongmaochang" dim sum shop opened by Li Fukui, which also features dumplings.

Time flies, and there are many changes in the area of Chenghuang Temple, which once gathered various kinds of dumpling shops. Until the sixties and seventies of the last century, "Gu Shunxing" and "Old Tung Chun" all enjoyed a prosperous business. Now, "Gu Shunxing" has disappeared, and the brand "Laotongchun" has entered Songyunlou, but it is no longer the dumpling but the lard residue wonton that belongs to it. After many relocations, "Lao Songsheng" has now become "Dexing Restaurant (Yuyuan Store)".

Instead, it was Ningbo Tangtuan Store on the bank of Jiuqu Bridge. In the memory of Shen Jialu, a well-known gourmet in Shanghai, it was originally another "osmanthus hall" famous for selling pigeon eggs and dumplings. The business of Ningbo Tangtuan Store is booming, and the customers are full. The "Osmanthus Hall" has merged with Songyun Building, becoming one of the few stores with pigeon eggs and dumplings for sale.

The bustling crowd in front of Ningbo Tangtuan Store in Chenghuang Temple.

Qiaojiazha, which was originally famous for dumplings, has opened many branches, but dumplings are no longer its main product. "Meixin" still sticks to the tradition silently in the original site. Although it also makes other snacks, dumplings are always the first products sold out.

Today’s Shanghainese can easily taste delicious food from all over the country and all over the world in the streets and lanes. Besides dumplings, people have more and more choices for eating. But on the Lantern Festival, it is still the dream of many people to have a bowl of warm "Yuanxiao". It contains more than an unforgettable taste when I was there …

Sweet and waxy dumplings are entrusted with people’s beautiful expectations for the new year.

Information: released by Shanghai

Editor: Chen Weiting

ShangguanNo. Author: Shanghai Jinshan

　　[Window of World Education]
　
　　In modern society, reading is one of the necessary skills for individuals. Reading is a key way for children to learn knowledge, and it is also an important way for children to develop their thinking and cultivate their temperament. In the frame map of students’ learning fields in the 21st century put forward by UNESCO, reading and communication occupy the central position in the seven learning fields. Therefore, parents expect their children to learn to read as soon as possible.
　
　　However, in fact, all over the world, many children can’t read normally. Some parents feel that their children can’t concentrate, that they are "ADHD", and they don’t realize that their learning disabilities may be another situation.
　
　　1. Is it dyslexia or ADHD?
　
　　Under normal educational conditions, most children can learn to read normally. However, although reading is so important to children’s development, some children can’t acquire reading smoothly. According to research statistics, there are about 5%-10% children in English, Chinese, Japanese and other writing systems. They have normal intelligence and enjoy equal educational opportunities, but their reading performance is still far behind their peers — — These children are called dyslexia.
　
　　As early as 1896, clinicians in Europe and the United States discovered the existence of children with reading difficulties. Limited by the level of science and technology at that time, the most knowledgeable people also knew little about "dyslexia". For a long time, society has misunderstood children with dyslexia, thinking that they are stupid, lazy, or "unable to sit still" (inattention and hyperactivity). Up to now, science has unveiled the mystery of "dyslexia", and our understanding of dyslexia is more clear.
　
　　First of all, children with dyslexia do not have intellectual problems, and some children with dyslexia are even very smart. If the problem of dyslexia can be found in time and received special education, they may overcome the problem of reading and writing, give full play to their potential, and even become creative talents in various fields. Therefore, sometimes we call children with dyslexia "smart stupid children".
　
　　Secondly, dyslexia is a developmental disorder, and people diagnosed with dyslexia are troubled by it all their lives. They have difficulties in word recognition, word understanding and dictation throughout primary and secondary schools and all the way to adulthood. So don’t expect dyslexia to heal naturally. Early detection and early intervention are very important to overcome dyslexia.
　
　　Thirdly, dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, commonly known as ADHD) are two different problems, which can exist separately or at the same time. Although the prevalence of dyslexia with ADHD is as high as 20%-40%, dyslexia and dyslexia caused by ADHD are two different abnormal phenomena. It is important to distinguish the difference between these two problems, because there are different ways of intervention.
　
　　Finally, dyslexia runs in the family. Studies have shown that among identical twins, if one person suffers from dyslexia, the probability of the other person suffering from dyslexia is as high as 68%; One of the parents or immediate siblings suffers from dyslexia, and the probability of this individual suffering from dyslexia is about 50%. This can be used as one of the signals for early identification of children with dyslexia.
　
　　So, how should parents or teachers identify children with dyslexia? Typical manifestations of children with dyslexia are listed below. The following 10 items meet 6 or more and last for more than half a year. Children may have dyslexia and need to find a professional institution to diagnose their children.
　
　　First, the language performance is significantly lower than the average level of the same class; Second, read slowly and laboriously, and do not understand the content after reading; Third, it is easy to jump words and lines when reading; Fourth, I don’t like reading aloud, and when I read aloud, I drop words or easily read typos; Fifth, the writing speed is slow and it is easy to write typos; Sixth, I often can’t remember the date or name; Seven, the sense of balance is not good, and the small muscles are clumsy; 8. Avoid tasks that require a lot of reading and avoid reading novels or other written materials; Nine, low self-esteem, no confidence in themselves; Ten, learning a foreign language is particularly difficult.
　
　　2. A stumbling block to fluent reading
　
　　Reading is an advanced cognitive function, not a physiological instinct that human beings naturally develop and mature at a certain age — — Reading is far more complicated than we thought. Reading involves a series of cognitive processing processes: first, bottom-up processing, that is to say, reading is to obtain meaning from written words, involving the recognition of written words, and only by recognizing words can we understand the meaning of sentences or chapters; The second is top-down processing. Reading comprehension depends on the interaction with the reader’s own memory (knowledge) structure to process and process the input textual information.
　
　　Most children have been exposed to the written environment before they formally learn to read — — Advertising slogans, printed words on food packaging bags, and words on picture books that can be seen everywhere in life — — These make children have a preliminary understanding of the characteristics and functions of words, and they can gradually realize that words are symbols used to record spoken language, which are different from other symbols. This initial perception of words is called "word consciousness". Whether it is the reading of pinyin characters or Chinese characters, the sense of words is very important.
　
　　As children grow older, they are exposed to more and more words. Especially after primary school, I began to systematically learn the recognition of words, and gradually formed my perception of the design rules of words, that is, "orthographic consciousness." When children know a certain number of words (or words), they can enter the stage of independent reading, that is, they will no longer rely on the help of adults to read text-based books independently. With the increase of children’s reading, the reading speed is gradually accelerated. By the fourth grade of primary school, most children can become skilled readers.
　
　　Phonetic awareness is very important for children with pinyin (such as English and German) background to learn to read. Phonetic awareness refers to children’s ability to perceive and operate phonetics. For example, they can skillfully divide cat (meaning "cat") into three corresponding minimum pronunciation units /k//ae//t/, and can also combine pronunciation units to form a word. The deficiency of this ability is considered to be the core reason for the difficulty in reading pinyin. However, the role of phonological awareness in Chinese reading is not as important as that in pinyin. It is generally believed that phonological awareness only plays a limited role in the early stage of Chinese reading and learning.
　
　　For children with Chinese background to learn to read, the first threshold is the decoding of Chinese characters, that is, literacy, that is, to establish the relationship between the font of Chinese characters and the pronunciation and meaning of words. On the road to becoming a fluent reader, the first stumbling block for children with Chinese dyslexia is to remember the glyphs and write Chinese characters. A large number of studies have consistently shown that children with Chinese dyslexia have difficulties in font processing. They often have slow literacy, less literacy, and often make mistakes in writing, so it is difficult to remember the font of Chinese characters. Therefore, in order to firmly grasp the writing of Chinese characters, Chinese children often spend a lot of time copying Chinese characters. Copying one stroke at a time can help children to carry out fine visual processing on each Chinese character’s glyph. Like building a Lego block, different strokes are combined according to a certain spatial structure and "built" in Mi Zige in a regular and harmonious way. This is not an inefficient and stupid method. On the contrary, copying is an effective means for both literacy and writing. It can not only help children to establish a solid representation of glyphs in their brains, but also help them write Chinese characters more accurately.
　
　　The structure of Chinese characters is complicated. According to the spatial relationship, Chinese characters can be divided into single characters, upper and lower structures, left and right structures and surrounding structures. Because of the visual complexity of Chinese character composition and the spatial diversity of Chinese character structure, it is difficult for Chinese children to master orthographic skills. The research also shows that the defects related to orthography are the core defects of Chinese dyslexia.
　
　　Chinese character is an ideographic character, and there is no direct relationship between the shape and the pronunciation, but the relationship between the shape and the meaning of the word is closer. Pictophonetic characters are the main body of modern commonly used Chinese characters, and 80.5% of them belong to pictophonetic characters. Pictophonetic characters include two parts: shape and sound. The ideographic meaning of Chinese characters is very strong, and many words with the same shape are consistent or related in meaning. For example, after children learn the words "sea, ocean and river", they will find that they have the same radical "Tanya" and are all related to water. When they learn the words "lake, swimming and stream" again, they can realize that the newly learned Chinese characters may also be related to "water" — — This understanding and cognition of the smallest semantic unit is called "morpheme consciousness". This morpheme awareness is particularly important for children to learn to read, because Chinese contains a large number of Chinese characters with homographs. After children know a certain number of Chinese characters and can read independently, the obstacles they encounter in reading become the understanding of vocabulary, especially some written vocabulary. Children with strong morpheme awareness are more likely to understand the meaning of words and expand their vocabulary. Therefore, morpheme awareness is more important for Chinese reading learning than learning pinyin characters. It is found that morpheme awareness is closely related to children’s word formation ability, vocabulary and reading comprehension.The defect of morpheme consciousness is also one of the main cognitive defects of children with Chinese dyslexia.
　
　　In addition to the difficulties in font processing, writing and morpheme processing, the study also found that children with Chinese dyslexia still have naming speed problems. The naming speed obstacle may reflect that children with dyslexia have some difficulties in establishing stable and high-quality orthographic representations, thus affecting the speed of transforming visual symbols into sound symbols. Research shows that naming speed can also predict reading fluency well. Naming speed is also very important to the development of pinyin reading, and naming speed defect is also one of the main defects of pinyin reading obstacle. Therefore, naming speed defect may be one of the common cognitive defects of cross-language reading disabilities.
　
　　To sum up, children with dyslexia may have cognitive defects in many aspects. The mechanism of dyslexia in different words is not only consistent across languages, but also specific to words. As far as the current research is concerned, the mechanism of Chinese dyslexia is more complicated than that of pinyin.
　
　　3. Is reading a brain problem?
　
　　Reading is one of the unique advanced cognitive functions of human beings, and the brain is the physiological basis of reading learning and development. The International Dyslexia Association points out that dyslexia has specific neurophysiological defects.
　
　　At the end of the 20th century, with the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), scientists were able to detect the inside of the brain in a non-invasive and harmless way. Like a precise scientific camera, it takes a complete and clear picture of every slice of the three-dimensional body of the brain and shows it to people. At present, the research conclusion that has been repeatedly verified by scientific research and widely recognized by academic circles is that the dyslexic group of pinyin characters (such as English) is mainly abnormal in the posterior temporal-parietal junction area of the left brain, which is manifested in the level of brain functional activity, brain structure and the connection between this brain area and other brain areas. This abnormality may affect their phonological awareness development and thus hinder their reading.
　
　　However, the Chinese dyslexic group mainly has specific problems in the middle frontal gyrus of the left brain (related to the writing skills mentioned above) and the ventral pathway of the brain (related to the semantic processing and visual font processing mentioned above). At the same time, the abnormality of the occipital part of the right brain (that is, the brain area where we touch the pillow after lying flat) used for the processing of holistic visual features may also affect Chinese reading. These are all "abnormal brain working modes". The abnormality of these working modes will make the process of learning reading slow and arduous for dyslexics, because they can’t use the efficient and labor-saving reading neural pathway that most readers can use.
　
　　How to understand the abnormal brain working mode of dyslexic people? First of all, this once again shows that dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, not the result of children’s lack of hard work and incorrect learning attitude. Secondly, the brain is plastic, and appropriate and timely targeted training can help children with dyslexia overcome their reading difficulties and regain their reading confidence. For example, neuroimaging studies have found that effective behavior intervention can enhance the activity level of the temporal parietal region in the back of the left brain, which was originally weakly activated, and improve their reading performance. Finally, the abnormal brain working mode of dyslexic people has two sides. On the one hand, it makes the road for dyslexics to learn to read full of thorns; On the other hand, many dyslexics who have achieved high achievements in some fields are grateful for it, believing that the "learning process that can’t take the usual path" has given them unique problem-solving ability, while the difficult process of overcoming dyslexia has forged their perseverance.
　
　　4. How to help smart "stupid children"
　
　　Dyslexia is a developmental disorder. Early identification and early intervention can not only improve the success rate of intervention, but also prevent dyslexia from continuing into senior grades, and also avoid children’s emotional, behavioral problems and lack of self-confidence related to low academic achievement. Foreign research shows that in order to achieve the same effect, the teaching time of intervention in senior grade is several times more than that in junior grade (2 hours in fourth grade/0.5 hours in kindergarten).
　
　　The study of dyslexia has a history of hundreds of years in the west, and it has been relatively perfect in the evaluation, intervention and policy support of dyslexia. Hong Kong, China, has also taken the lead in this respect. At present, it has developed the dyslexia behavior scale and diagnostic test, designed Chinese reading and writing courses in kindergartens and primary and secondary schools, and developed corresponding teaching materials, and conducted relevant training for educational administrators and Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong. In addition, they also used the three-level response intervention model to replace the traditional methods to intervene in children with dyslexia, and achieved good intervention results.
　
　　Because the research on dyslexia in mainland China started late and mainly stayed in the basic research stage, the applied research on the diagnosis and intervention of dyslexia is still relatively weak. The public’s understanding of dyslexia is very limited. In recent years, more and more scholars began to pay attention to the popularization of common sense of dyslexia, and popular science books such as Smart Stupid Child: Helping Children Overcome Dyslexia and Getting Out of the Maze appeared, which made the public have more scientific understanding of dyslexia, but there is still a long way to go in the intervention of dyslexia and the development of diagnostic tools.
　
　　As mentioned earlier, dyslexia is a special learning disability that stems from abnormal brain development. Children with dyslexia are not not smart enough or do not study hard. On the contrary, their IQ is normal or even extraordinary, and they even have special talents in many aspects. Without timely diagnosis and intervention, what they need most is the understanding and support from teachers and parents. I hope these "smart stupid children" can have a happy childhood and enjoy reading like other children.
　
　　(Author: Liu Li, Gao Yue, professors and doctors of the State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning of Beijing Normal University; Kang Cuiping, Ph.D., now works for China Education Innovation Institute of Beijing Normal University)

　　Core reading

　　Green finance has great potential in supporting environmental improvement, coping with climate change and saving and efficient use of resources. In recent years, Chongqing has always adhered to the concept of "two mountains", focused on developing green finance, established a "Yangtze River Green Financing" green financial big data integrated service system, promoted a long-term mechanism for the docking of government, banks and enterprises, and built a green development system. With the implementation of innovative reform measures, economic benefits and ecological benefits have gradually become prominent.

　　"The crops in the field are not growing well, and the villagers rely on the mountains to eat mountains and stare at the trees on the mountains." Talking about previous years’ experience, Xie Changlin, a villager from Hongan Village, Lantian Township, Chengkou County, Chongqing, shook his head.

　　Seeing the environment getting worse day by day, the government decided to carry out ecological relocation. But there is no money in hand, how can you move out? After learning the situation, Chongqing Rural Commercial Bank developed a new mode of rural property mortgage financing after investigation, and handled "beautiful countryside Housing Loan" for local farmers. With money, farmers transform and decorate their houses, and some people also open farmhouses to attract summer tourists around them and have a tourist meal at their doorstep.

　　From the declaration and creation in early 2019 to the final approval of the green financial reform and innovation pilot zone in August this year, Chongqing’s green development has continuously taken new steps. By the end of September 2022, the balance of green loans in the city reached 497.233 billion yuan, 2.8 times that of the beginning of 2019, up 40.2% year-on-year, 32.5 percentage points higher than the growth rate of various loans in the city; Green loans accounted for nearly 10% of the balance of various loans, a significant increase of 4.5 percentage points compared with the beginning of 2019; The balance of green bonds exceeded 35.7 billion yuan, 2.7 times that of the beginning of 2019.

　　Look at the benefits — —

　　Inclusive effect, green finance and ecological civilization blend and help each other

　　From garbage incineration power generation to sewage treatment, from comprehensive improvement of waterfront coastline to energy-saving and environmental protection transformation, from green transportation industry credit to beautiful countryside housing credit support & HELIP; … In recent years, green finance has become the key development direction of major banks in Chongqing.

　　Fengdu County, located in the hinterland of the Three Gorges reservoir area, is rich in wind energy resources and attracts many wind power projects. The outstanding characteristics of green projects are long term and low income, especially the need for long-term credit funds. "I didn’t pay much attention to wind power a few years ago. With the development of green finance, banks are now rushing to invest. Green finance means quality assets for our bank. " The relevant person in charge of Chongqing Rural Commercial Bank Company told the reporter.

　　In Lianhuashan Wind Farm in Fengdu County, a fan stands on the rolling hills, and the long fan blades are constantly turning. At the beginning of this year, the third-phase wind power project of Lianhuashan and Wudongyan invested by Chongqing Rural Commercial Bank started construction. It is planned to be connected to the grid for power generation by the end of this year, with a total installed capacity of 80,000 kilowatts and a total investment of 600 million yuan. It is estimated that the annual power generation will be 160 million kWh, which can supply green power energy to 80,000 households every year, save 47,000 tons of standard coal and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 123,000 tons.

　　"We will persist in developing clean energy and build Fengdu into a ‘ Green battery ’ 。” Deng Qinghua, director of the Development and Reform Commission of Fengdu County, told reporters that with the support of green finance, Fengdu will attract investment to introduce a number of clean energy projects, continuously optimize the energy supply structure, and strive to build a clean energy demonstration base in Chongqing by 2035.

　　Look at the practice — —

　　Form a mechanism to solve the problem of project identification

　　"It’s hard to imagine that we were still worried about project funds last year." Standing in the ecological tea garden in Dingshi Town, Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Luo Li, the project leader, was filled with emotion. In April, 2021, the project was still in the stage of development and construction, with a large initial investment, and "poor money" became an insurmountable hurdle. Just when there was nothing to do, Chongqing Bank took the initiative to find the door and provided credit support.

　　"Identifying green projects is not an easy job. In the past, several indicators needed to be identified manually, which was very inefficient. " Tian Pan, the account manager of Chongqing Bank, told the reporter, "Now there is ‘ Yangtze River Lvrongtong ’ The system can automatically calculate the environmental benefits of the project, and the efficiency is greatly improved. The ecological tea garden project was pushed to us by the system. "

　　The "Yangtze River Green Financing" in Tian Pankou is a green financial big data comprehensive service system created by Chongqing Business Management Department of China People’s Bank. "We work with the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment to formulate the evaluation criteria for green projects (enterprises). Based on this, we embed the intelligent identification function of green financial standards in the system and release the identified green financing demand information to financial institutions in a timely manner." Han Xintao, deputy director of the Financial Research Department of Chongqing Business Management Department of China People’s Bank, told the reporter, "With this system, in the past, enterprises were looking for banks, and now banks are looking for enterprises."

　　At present, the "Yangtze River Green Financing" system has been connected to all branches under the jurisdiction of Chongqing Business Management Department of the People’s Bank of China and some district and county governments, and connected to nearly 100 financial institutions, helping the city to form a long-term mechanism of "government recommended projects+green smart identification+system push projects+independent docking of banks". By the end of September, 2022, the system had collected and launched 1,860 green projects (enterprises) at the municipal, district and county levels, among which nearly 1,000 projects were successfully connected with banks.

　　Look at development — —

　　Transformation and upgrading, building a green development system

　　"I didn’t expect that pollution rights can also be loaned, and the interest rate is more favorable than general loans." After successfully obtaining the pledge loan of 100 million yuan from Chongqing Bank for emission rights, the relevant person in charge of Chongqing International Composite Materials Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "International Composite Materials") could not help feeling.

　　International composite materials is a "green factory" in the glass fiber industry assessed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. By introducing advanced waste treatment technologies at home and abroad, pollutants are effectively controlled. After learning that the enterprise has the capital demand to expand the scale of production and operation, the credit staff of Chongqing Bank took the initiative to come to the door to match the emission pledge loan product, which changed the emission right of the enterprise from a "sleeping asset" to a "flowing fund", promoted the enterprise’s energy conservation and emission reduction, and helped improve the ecological environment.

　　"The specific connotation of green finance in different regions should be combined with the actual situation of local industries." Huang Yingjun, a professor at the School of Economics and Business Administration of Chongqing University, believes that "Chongqing is one of the six old industrial bases in China, facing the pressure of transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and always emphasizes promoting the coordinated development of green industries and green finance."

　　In recent years, Chongqing has made great efforts to innovate mechanisms to promote financial institutions to accelerate the "low-carbon" allocation of financial resources, promote the rapid growth of the scale of green finance, and help the real economy accelerate the green transformation.

　　Relying on self-regulatory organizations in the financial industry, Chongqing advocates financial institutions to disclose environmental information from the perspectives of green financial development plan, green loan investment and carbon emission reduction generated by loans. In 2022, 75 financial institutions in the city disclosed the annual environmental information in 2021, among which 30 institutions added green project loans in 2021 with an average carbon emission reduction of 489,800 tons. At the same time, the data of green loans, green bonds, green financial leases and green bills of financial institutions are collected monthly, and a green performance evaluation table is generated according to the requirements of the Green Finance Evaluation Plan for Banking Financial Institutions of the People’s Bank of China, which is included in the rating of financial institutions of the central bank, and a total of 2 billion yuan of "green easy loans" and 5 billion yuan of "green ticket pass" rediscount tools are provided to encourage them to increase capital investment in green projects.

　　A steady stream of financial living water is constantly helping Chongqing’s industrial transformation and upgrading — — In Chongqing Liangjiang New District, relying on the mature automobile industry system with an annual output of nearly one million units, explore the development of automobile green supply chain finance; In Nan ‘an District, Guangyang Island Zhichuang Eco-city will carry out the construction of financial support zero-carbon demonstration zone; In Wanzhou District, carry out the product innovation of financial support for ecological agriculture and recreational tourism … …

　　"In the future, Chongqing will continue to promote supply-side structural reforms and upgrade traditional manufacturing industries. Green transformation is imperative and green finance has a broad space for development." Huang Yingjun told reporters.

　　The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, which took place in the early 1950s, was a just war for China people to defend peace and resist aggression. In this war, New China and the United States were the main rivals, and they had a comprehensive contest in military, political, economic and diplomatic fields. The people of China won victory and dignity in the face of serious difficulties in all aspects at the beginning of the founding of New China. Looking back at history, we can get inspiration from it and gain the strength to move forward.

　　Stick to the bottom line and dare to fight

　　On the morning of June 25th, 1950, the long-term small-scale armed conflict and friction changed qualitatively on the 38th parallel in the north-south center of the Korean Peninsula, and a large-scale civil war broke out in Korea.

　　The U.S. authorities openly violated the UN Charter’s stipulation that "no intervention is allowed in matters that are essentially within the internal jurisdiction of any country" and immediately sent armed forces to intervene in the Korean civil war. In the absence of new China and the Soviet Union, it manipulated the United Nations Security Council to pass an illegal resolution to form the "United Nations forces" invading the DPRK. At the same time, naval forces were sent to invade the Taiwan Province Strait. At this point, the new China was founded less than a year ago.

　　At the beginning of October, 1950, American troops crossed the 38th parallel and advanced rapidly to the border between China and North Korea, which seriously threatened China’s security.

　　According to the request of the Workers’ Party of Korea and the Korean government and the wishes of the Korean people, the CPC Central Committee and Mao Zedong were far-sighted, scientifically analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of participating in the war, and resolutely made a major strategic decision to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the country. On October 8th, Mao Zedong issued an order in the name of the Chairman of the People’s Revolutionary Military Commission of China, "trying to change the northeast border guards to Chinese people’s Volunteer Army, and immediately dispatched them to North Korea, cooperating with the Korean comrades to fight against the aggressors and strive for a glorious victory". Mao Zedong stressed: "In short, we believe that we should participate in the war, and we must participate in the war. The benefits of participating in the war are great, and the damage of not participating in the war is great."

　　When the United States was at its peak, the people of China dared to meet its challenges. This fearless heroism and courage was unique in the world where the phobia of America was prevalent at that time. Facts have proved that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s decision to send troops is completely correct, which embodies the China people’s will and determination to fight without fear of violence.

　　Flexible and mobile to meet the weakness

　　On October 19th, 1950, Chinese people’s Volunteer Army, led by Peng Dehuai, commander and political commissar, crossed the Yalu River from Dandong, Changdian Estuary and Ji ‘an respectively, and marched into the territory of North China, starting the great war to resist US aggression and aid Korea.

　　Faced with the extreme disparity in equipment between the enemy and ourselves and the situation after the US troops crossed the 38th parallel, Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai made a study on October 13th and 14th before the volunteers were dispatched, and decided that after the volunteers entered the DPRK, they would fight the defensive war first and then the counterattack. However, after the volunteers began to enter the DPRK on October 19, the situation on the Korean battlefield has undergone major changes.

　　▲ Profile photo: After Chinese people’s Volunteer Army entered the DPRK, Chairman Mao and Peng Dehuai, commander of the Volunteers, exchanged telegrams for many times to analyze the situation. According to the major changes in the battlefield situation in Korea, they decided to change the original plan and annihilate the enemy by means of mobile warfare. The picture shows Peng Dehuai (first from left) presiding over a combat meeting on the Korean front.

　　The direction of war changes according to the situation. Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai exchanged telegrams for many times to analyze the situation, and decided to change the original campaign plan and annihilate the enemy by means of mobile warfare, "striving for all possible victories on the basis of stability and reliability". At the same time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the headquarters of the Volunteers judged that the "United Nations Army" headed by the US military was unaware of the dispatch of the Volunteers. MacArthur didn’t take China seriously and didn’t believe that China really dared to resist. He deployed a "triumphant offensive before Christmas" and asserted that "let the troops go home before Christmas." Mao Zedong said at that time that the more arrogant, conceited and ambitious MacArthur was, the better it would be for us.

　　Subsequently, the volunteers quickly grasped the characteristics of the battlefield, promptly seized the enemy’s misjudgment and weaknesses that did not adapt to our army’s night fighting, melee and encirclement and circuitous operations, and quickly concentrated superior forces in local areas, marching and fighting for 13 days and nights in a row, and repelled the crazy attacking enemy from the Yalu River to the south of the Qingchuan River, killing more than 15,000 people. Volunteers crushed MacArthur’s arrogant attempt to occupy all Korea and end the Korean War on Thanksgiving Day, and won the first battle.

　　Flexible strategy and tactics are the magic weapon for our army to win and the powerful weapon for China people to defeat the world’s number one military power with inferior equipment in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. History has proved that to compete with a strong enemy, we must avoid its sharp edge, attack its soft spot, change according to the situation, make full use of our strength, give full play to our strengths, and strike and consume the enemy with the local advantages of rapid gathering until victory is achieved.

　　Active layout to reverse the war situation

　　The victory of the first battle of the volunteers into the DPRK did not greatly change the whole battlefield situation, and the volunteers still did not gain a foothold in the DPRK. The "United Nations Army" led by the US military has not been hit hard to the point of passive defense, and will launch a large-scale attack on the volunteers at any time.

　　On November 4, 1950, Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai were in the rear and in the front, at the same time, they realized that the United States might carry out a powerful counterattack and telephoned each other to discuss their coping strategies. The battle plan studied by Peng Dehuai and the leaders of the headquarters of the Volunteers shows that the Volunteers are prepared to take the initiative to lay out the battlefield, withdraw the main force to the familiar areas after the first battle to rest and build a counterattack position, lure the enemy into depth and ambush and panic in the air. This strategic consideration is the development of Mao Zedong’s thought of establishing a defense line in the south of Tokugawa and Ningyuan highway lines before the volunteers entered the DPRK, with the aim of fundamentally reversing the Korean war situation and mastering the strategic initiative.

　　After the US military occupied Pyongyang, the United States was immersed in the joy that the Korean War was about to "win". At this time, "Americans can only listen to the sound of victory." When the "United Nations Army" was suddenly and quickly attacked by the volunteers in the first battle, they were unwilling to admit the fact that the volunteers participated in the war, thinking that the Koreans who appeared in North China were probably sporadic volunteers.

　　After several discussions, the US military and political authorities made the wrong decision to occupy the whole of China by force, even though they were not sure about the intention of the Volunteers to participate in the war. Bradley, chairman of the American Chiefs of Staff, later said in his memoirs: On the important days from November 2 to 9, "we looked through the materials and sat down to think carefully, but unfortunately we made ridiculous conclusions and decisions." On November 24th, MacArthur ordered a "general offensive" and publicly announced his general offensive plan to the press, saying that the goal of military occupation of all Korea could be achieved immediately. However, what he didn’t expect was that the volunteers had quietly surrounded his troops.

　　On the evening of November 25th, the volunteers on the western front suddenly launched a counterattack against the enemy. At first, they aimed at the weak links of the Eighth Army of the United States, concentrated their efforts to encircle and annihilate the two divisions of the Second Army of South Korea, which had weak fighting capacity in attacking the right wing, and opened the battle gap. Then, they concentrated the 38th Army and the 42nd Army, and made a detour to the rear of the Eighth Army of the United States, cutting off the retreat of the Ninth Army of the United States from the south, and surrounded its main force on three sides by the Qingchuan River centered on Guichuan and Junyuli. MacArthur couldn’t figure out where so many volunteer troops came from, and the "United Nations Army" he played was confused, which made his plan to annihilate the volunteers and hit the Yalu River burst in an instant, and turned to anxiously command the troops to escape from the encirclement of the volunteers.

　　The second campaign completely shattered MacArthur’s "last" offensive to end the Korean War and return to China at Christmas, repelled the frenzied enemy to the south of the 38th parallel, recovered Pyongyang and annihilated more than 36,000 enemies. Bradley wrote in his memoirs: From October 31 to the end of December, "these 60 days are the most severe test moment of my professional military career … … The Korean War unexpectedly changed from victory to humiliating defeat — — The most shameful failure in the history of our army. " MacArthur determined that "the attack must be transferred to the defense".

　　The failure of the "United Nations Army" is fundamentally the failure of the decision-making of the military and political authorities in the United States. It is that they regard their national strength and military power as powerful and blindly use force to subdue bring disgrace to oneself in China. The key to victory is that the people of China can turn the tide of the war, not be afraid of powerful enemies, take the initiative to set up the battlefield in the theater they are familiar with, confuse the enemy with superb strategies and tactics, and lure the enemy into our preset grand strategy of encirclement and suppression of the battlefield. History has proved that we can’t deal with a strong enemy passively. On the basis of in-depth study and grasping the characteristics and laws of the enemy and ourselves, we must take the initiative to set up a game, "invite you to the urn" and gather the best to annihilate the enemy.

　　Despise arrogance to promote talk.

　　By June 1951, after five battles, the battlefield forces of the enemy and ourselves had tended to be balanced, and the front was stable in the north and south of the 38th parallel, resulting in a stalemate in the war.

　　The American military and political authorities found that by May 1951, the United States had paid more than 100,000 casualties and more than 10 billion dollars in direct war expenses for this war, but it was a very difficult situation. In order to ease the contradictions between the United States and its allies and safeguard the key interests of the United States — — In the interest of Europe, on May 16th, the National Security Council of the United States met and adopted a policy memorandum on North Korea, which determined that the ultimate goal of the United States in North Korea was to establish a favorable defense line in the 38th parallel and seek to conclude an armistice agreement.

　　The CPC Central Committee and Mao Zedong decided to implement the policy of talking while playing, and to carry out political struggle and military struggle simultaneously. On the one hand, they were prepared to hold negotiations with the United States to strive for a truce and withdrawal with the 38th parallel as the boundary; On the other hand, they have no illusions about the success of the negotiations. They must make long-term and lasting military plans and smash any attack by the "United Nations Army" with resolute military strikes to cooperate with the smooth progress of the armistice negotiations.

　　On August 18th, the "United Nations Army" started an air offensive and a ground offensive against me to cooperate with the negotiations on the military demarcation line. In the summer and autumn defense campaign in 1951, the Volunteers and the Korean People’s Army killed and wounded more than 157,000 prisoners of the "United Nations Army", and the Volunteers suffered more than 33,000 casualties. The "United Nations Army" only occupied 646 square kilometers of land at the cost of heavy casualties, far from achieving the goal of demanding that the volunteers and the Korean People’s Army withdraw from 12,000 square kilometers during the negotiations. Therefore, the "United Nations Army" had to return to the negotiating table for negotiations.

　　On November 23, after the DPRK-China representative put forward the plan of military demarcation line, the two sides reached an agreement based on the DPRK-China plan to "take the existing actual contact line of both sides as the military demarcation line, and each side retreated 2 kilometers to establish the demilitarized zone during the military armistice". On October 8, 1952, the United States unilaterally announced that the armistice negotiations would be adjourned indefinitely.

　　At the end of 1952, after dwight eisenhower was elected president of the United States, the American authorities were planning a large-scale military adventure. In order to prevent the "United Nations Army" from landing in the north of Korea, the Volunteers and the Korean People’s Army made large-scale anti-landing preparations. On the frontal front of the east and west coasts of Korea, they dug 8090 tunnels and 720 kilometers, dug trenches and traffic trenches for 3100 kilometers, and built anti-airborne and anti-tank positions, completely changing the fragile situation of the fortifications on the east and west coasts of Korea. It urged the American authorities and the "United Nations Army" to abandon the attempt of large-scale landing adventure and resume the armistice negotiations unilaterally interrupted for half a year on April 26, 1953.

　　On June 8, the chief representatives of the two sides formally signed an agreement on the repatriation of prisoners of war. By June 18th, all the preparations before the armistice had been completed. However, on the 18th, the South Korean Li Chengwan Group forcibly detained the captured Korean People’s Army personnel in the name of "on-the-spot release", thus undermining the armistice agreement and arousing strong international repercussions.

　　On June 20th, the DPRK-China delegation called for an adjournment of the talks to protest against Li Chengwan’s sabotage. At the same time, from June 24th to July 27th, the Volunteer Army and the Korean People’s Army launched an attack on the front 25km position defended by the South Korean Army, killing more than 78,000 people and recovering 192.6km2 of positions, severely punishing the Li Chengwan Group and deepening the internal contradictions in the United States. Next, Eisenhower put pressure on Li Chengwan, and mark clark, the third commander-in-chief of the United Nations Army, gave up. On July 27th and 28th, 1953, Clark, Kim Il Sung and Peng Dehuai signed the armistice agreement in Wenshan, Pyongyang and Kaesong, and the Korean armistice was realized. At this point, the armistice negotiations that lasted for two years and one month came to an end, and the China People’s War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea that lasted for two years and nine months ended successfully.

　　Clark wrote in his memoirs: "I became the first commander of the U.S. Army who signed an unsuccessful armistice treaty in history, and I felt disappointed and painful. I think my predecessors, General MacArthur and General Li Qiwei, must feel the same way. "

　　What you can’t get on the battlefield, you can’t get at the negotiating table. Talking while fighting makes the United States feel that the war will only bring more losses to itself if it drags on. They had to formally sign a military armistice agreement with the DPRK in Panmunjom.History has proved that we can’t get any luck in fighting a strong enemy, and we must abandon our illusions in order to force the enemy to go to peace talks with unbearable losses.(The author is the political assistant of the Evaluation and Demonstration Research Center of the Academy of Military Sciences)

Beijing, March 10 (Reporter Huang Yuling) On the 10th, the Supreme People’s Court held the fifth activity of the series of all-media live interviews on the interpretation of the Work Report of the Supreme People’s Court in 2023. Regarding the recent wave of artificial intelligence triggered by ChatGPT around the world, Chen Qiwei, deputy director of the Supreme People’s Court Information Center, introduced the latest situation of the construction and application of artificial intelligence in the court.

Chen Qiwei mentioned that the Supreme People’s Court has always attached great importance to the application of artificial intelligence technology, and courts all over the country insist on using technology to promote the quality, efficiency and power changes of court work. In 2014, the people’s courts built the world’s largest trial information resource library, realizing the real-time aggregation of court case data in the country every five minutes. At present, more than 300 million cases have been aggregated. These massive judicial big data resources covering structured cases, file images, trial audio and video, and documents have laid a good foundation for the application and development of judicial artificial intelligence. Up to now, the overall framework of judicial data platform and smart court brain has been formed, and its service capacity has covered 98% of the courts in China (3,470). Since 2022, the total number of services has exceeded 600 million. According to the practical experience in various places, the whole-process intelligent assistant case handling supported by the application of judicial artificial intelligence can effectively reduce the routine work of judges by more than 30% and improve the trial efficiency by more than 20%.

Chen Qiwei said that after ChatGPT came out, it attracted wide attention from various industries. The construction of smart courts is also actively paying attention to the possible changes brought about by the application of this technology. At the same time, as a vertical application of judicial artificial intelligence, the construction of smart court has its own characteristics, such as stricter requirements on the seriousness and accuracy of answering questions, and compared with ChatGPT’s open application from digital space to digital space, judicial artificial intelligence needs to pay more attention to the support of physical space to physical space. For example, it is necessary to use judicial artificial intelligence to actually support the automatic classification and cataloging of electronic files, and it is necessary to realize the automatic generation of trial transcripts by means of accurate positioning of speech roles and adaptive multilingual models during the trial. These technical problems are also very challenging.

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AIoT intelligent internet of things is artificial intelligence internet of things. AIoT is the abbreviation of AI Artificial Intelligence and IoT Internet of Things. It is an artificial intelligence Internet of Things that collects a large amount of data from different dimensions through the Internet of Things and stores it in the cloud. Based on big data analysis and AI and other technologies, it realizes the digitalization and intelligence of everything. Artificial intelligence is a subject that studies how computers can simulate people’s thinking processes and intelligent behaviors. It is based on bionics, the improvement of algorithm model and calculation speed, and the commonality between human neurons and computer doors (doors are the basic unit of computers). Its strength lies in its learning, reasoning, thinking, planning and other abilities, which ordinary intelligent machines can’t do.

The embedded Internet of Things needs to learn a lot, so don’t learn the wrong route and content, which will lead to a salary failure!

Share a data package for free, almost over 150g. The learning content, face classics and projects are relatively new and complete! It is estimated that it will cost at least dozens to buy some fish.

The Internet of Things refers to the real-time collection of any object or process that needs to be monitored, connected and interacted through various devices and technologies such as information sensors, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system, infrared sensors, laser scanners, etc., and the collection of all kinds of required information such as sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, location, etc., and the realization of ubiquitous connection, identification and management between things and people through various types of network access. Through this definition, we can feel that this will be a huge database, and the learning process of artificial intelligence also needs a lot of data information. Obviously, this is a link between artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, which can link them together and play a greater role.

In short, the Internet of Things (IoT) uses terminals with different protocols to carry out information interaction and intelligent processing through a certain agreed protocol, while artificial intelligence can keep learning and become more and more intelligent with data. If artificial intelligence is software, it needs the Internet of Things as a carrier, and if it is hardware, it needs artificial intelligence to drive it. Therefore, we can also regard the Internet of Things as a carrier of artificial intelligence.

The Internet of Things is an important part of the new generation of information technology. The English name is "The Internet of things". Therefore, as the name implies, "the Internet of Things is the Internet of Things". This has two meanings. First, the core and foundation of the Internet of Things is still the Internet, which is the expansion and expansion network based on the Internet. Secondly, its clients expand and expand between any goods, and exchange and communicate information.

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