南京夜生活

Zhao yajing

As soon as the heat brought by the award passed, the eco-house fell into a state of lack of attention. The government has still not promoted eco-houses as model houses. In 2012, the director of Anji County New Rural Construction Guidance Center said: "Ren Weizhong’s concept is modern and too avant-garde. Maybe people with high cultural level can appreciate it, but the people in Anji have not reached this level."

This may be true. Farmers still build villas and do not agree with Ren Weizhong’s ecological houses. In 2009, patches of cement-built farmers’ relocated houses and villas surrounded the eco-house base into an island.

Ren Weizhong teaches "Tujing" in Zhongnanshan, Shaanxi. Image source: WeChat WeChat official account, Wutuwu Township (2017)

Spreading rammed earth technology in "mud school"

But Ren Weizhong didn’t give up. As the saying goes, there is a thousand-year-old earth wall, but there is no hundred-year-old brick wall. Since 2012, he has calmed down and devoted himself to doing a lot of experiments to study the performance of rammed earth and refine its ingredients.

He tried different proportions of rammed earth materials for each house in order to find out the best structural proportion of materials and solve the common wall cracking problem in traditional rammed earth buildings. The low rammed earth wall in the yard of the base has different colors and textures, which is also the experimental body of rammed earth performance. In addition, he also explored the use of soil, developed the use of light clay as thermal insulation material, and tapped the decorative properties of soil. The plaster mixed with lime and soil developed by him shows the touching texture of Italian plaster.

From 2005 to 2014, the eco-house had no income for ten years, and Ren Weizhong was unwavering. After three years of research and development experiments, in 2015, he sold the first mud plastering material, and the situation opened. He began to serve as the soil technical director of some well-known homestay projects, and his rammed soil technology is also being used in Qinghai ancient city protection project. Rammed earth materials are also used in the memorial hall where the theory of "two mountains" was published by General Secretary of the Supreme Leader of Yu Village in Anji.

"I remember when I was a child, my house was expanded, and the wall material was mud, and the soil as a raw material was dug around the house, and the transportation distance was only tens of meters. This material can be transported by hand. A few years after the house was built, the pit that we had dug was slowly filled with the baptism of years, and no traces left by earth borrowing were found at all. After being abandoned, the earthen houses will be razed to the ground after being eroded by wind and rain, so it is difficult for you to find the ruins of these old houses. Everything comes from the earth and returns to the earth. This example fully proves the harmony between man and nature, and the construction process of this earth house has almost no energy consumption and will not pollute the environment. "

A large amount of construction muck is produced on the construction site, which becomes the source of building materials for rammed earth houses.

Some professionals question that the clay used in rammed earth construction will cause the loss of valuable clay resources. Ren Weizhong explained that rammed soil comes from the residual mud and dregs of the construction site, which is neither cultivated soil nor clay, but a kind of sandstone soil. "The waste soil residue on these construction sites is worthless when it is not used, and it even becomes a stacking problem." Ren Weizhong said.

In 2015, the muck mountain in Shenzhen Guangming New District Industrial Park collapsed, causing 22 buildings to be buried, causing a particularly serious safety accident. The problem of the acceptance and accumulation of construction dregs has attracted the attention of the State Council. There are also building dregs in rural areas now, so rammed earth houses can digest the wastes from these construction projects.

In the past, houses were built in rural areas, so a big pit was often dug at the head of some villages, and water was poured into the pit to turn it into a pond for raising fish. But today’s soil is not from the pit at the head of the village, but from the foundation pit of the construction site. He often emphasizes that building a house is to borrow soil from nature, and finally the house is demolished and the soil is returned to nature.

　In recent years, more and more people know about Ren Weizhong, and the ecological environment has been paid more and more attention by the government and all walks of life. Every time I go to Jianshan Village to see him, there are always visitors. He also accepted apprentices and hired people to assist in the daily operation of the ecological base. When there are many guests, his wife will go to the kitchen to help cook, and his son will play in the base yard.

He is no longer a "army of one". He has his own family and successfully established his own team. These people include both local villagers and young people from other places. These workers also look very hardworking and simple. When they sat around a table for dinner at noon, they showed the harmonious atmosphere of the family. The main hall in Room 1 now doubles as a restaurant for visitors, and all the lectures are transferred to Room 2.

House No.2 Image Source: Jushe Image WeChat WeChat official account (2019)

The two-story stone-wood house facing the gate of the base is the second ecological house, and it is also a house that makes me shine at the moment. On the second floor, a large area of windows facing south is opened to introduce sufficient light. The scale of this house is friendly and pleasant, and the colors of old wood, old tiles and stone rammed earth are naturally mixed together. The whole house is like an antique gentleman, low-key and modest. Well-proportioned proportion and classical and simple temperament made me realize for the first time that Ren Wei, who looks like a native soil, actually has a high aesthetic taste.

House 2 is also the most sacred house in Renwei Center, which he called "Mingtang". The upper floor of the house is used for lectures and training, and the wooden frame comes from the old house where the captain’s family used to be produced. The ground floor is used to show the research results of rammed earth building materials. Like the mineral exhibition platform of the Natural Museum, rammed earth blocks with different proportions are carefully cut into small square bricks and lined up neatly. Mud has become the protagonist of this exhibition hall, because it is the soul of the "mud school".

Rammed earth R&D materials exhibition platform Image source: Wechat WeChat official account, Wutu Wuxiang (2019)

"The reason why I am particularly fond of soil is mainly because soil is a particularly environmentally friendly material. Efficient and wasteful building activities in the industrial age may make all kinds of resources in short supply, especially the ecological damage and environmental pollution built in the process of resource mining and material processing cannot be tolerated. However, the earth is the only one with the richest soil, and the soil building will not change the performance of the soil, so it can be recycled. It’s just that at present, we lack common sense and have misunderstandings about soil. It can be said that the purpose of practice is partly to vindicate soil, and soil can also build high-quality houses. As for why mud buildings are rarely taken seriously, it is mainly unprofitable behind them. "

Ren Weizhong’s ecological residential practice focuses on rammed soil, which is not only the natural result of exploring ecological construction, but also the result of the overall environment.

One summer in 2007, Gao Tiancheng, a South African, rented a villager’s empty house in Sanjiuwu, Laoling Village, Moganshan Town, and renovated it with the concept of low carbon and environmental protection on the basis of not changing the original house structure and destroying the overall style. He established the bare-hearted hometown of homestay, which became the birthplace of "foreign music" in China, and opened the prelude to the rapid development of homestay industry in Moganshan. In the process of setting up a homestay, Gao Tiancheng went deep into the rural areas of Zhejiang to learn about the local construction ecology. He also visited Ren Weizhong’s ecological house. In 2015, the hotel industry in Moganshan entered its peak period, and the Moganshan effect drove the hotel fever in the country.

Boutique B&B caters to the mentality of the urban middle class returning to nature and pursuing a high-quality life. Rammed soil has become a popular building material for homestays. This makes rammed earth technology have its place. More and more people ask Ren Weizhong about rammed earth construction technology.

In 2016, he changed the name of "Jianshan Ecological House" to "Mud School" and began to teach students. In August 2016, the first phase of rammed earth training started. Ten times a year, about 180 students can be trained every year. Training fees are priced for public welfare, only to spread rammed earth technology. Some other students stayed and became his assistants.

In 2017, Ren Weizhong won the public welfare grant of "March towards ecological civilization and pay tribute to environmental pioneers" jointly sponsored by China Environmental Protection Foundation and China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation, to train rural craftsmen, returnees and school students, and plans to replicate the model of mud schools in different places. Therefore, in the past two years, he has become more and more busy, and the workers in the "clay school" workshop are busy from sunrise to sunset. After the mud school became famous, the villagers in Jianshan Village said that it was finally set up by him, and the feng shui of this base was good.

Ren Weizhong teaches at the rammed earth construction workshop. Photo source: Shantian Academy WeChat WeChat official account (2019)

Rammed soil has become "noble", pushing up the cost of building houses. I asked Ren Weizhong, who is bent on building houses for farmers, how to solve this problem? He said that rammed earth is expensive in manpower, and the traditional way of building houses in rural areas of China was completed by people in the village helping each other, which can be solved by restoring the way of building houses by mutual assistance. However, due to the loss of young people in rural areas, it seems that the road to restoring mutual-aid housing is long. But the historical process is mysterious and unpredictable. Who knows? Once a thing is regarded as advanced, it will go through the process from the small crowd to the public. Ren Weizhong may have taken a curved road to save the country.

In order to let people experience rammed earth buildings personally, Ren Weijian built House 3. There are four rooms on the upper and lower floors, which provide accommodation for the trainees. The whole house adopts simple modern design, with rammed earth for bearing.

In June of 2020, I was lucky enough to stay for one night. The thin long windows have a European flavor, and the simplest bed and chairs make me feel like I walked into a simple European country cottage. There are only three kinds of building materials in the room: wood, mud and glass. There is no superfluous decoration. Directly exposed mud wall, meet each other with sincerity, the yellow and gray tone, like the warm chest of the earth, feels delicate and smooth, and looks like a texture between cement and paint. The room exudes the aesthetic temperament of simplicity and minimalism.

It’s just an ordinary guest room, but it reminds me of Donald Judd, an American minimalist artist, who used metal plates to create meaningless object forms, showing the high purity of materials. This purity is exactly what I felt in Room 3. But unlike Donald Judd, all the object forms and spaces here point to the essence of soil.

Zhao Yajing’s photo of the facade of House No.3 (2020)

In the early morning, I got up early, and the freshest air in the yard came to my face. There are no less than 10 kinds of vegetables planted in 5 rows, 6 rows and 30 squares. Walking along the path of the yard, the ground is as hard as cement, but it is a dirt road. The two jars of lettuce on the outside of the vegetable garden are full of green, and the cucumber vines on the inside have already been picked out. A line of tomatoes was planted along the low wall, and the fresh red fruits hung down from the leaves. Going over a row of low walls, Ren Weizhong designed a checkerboard-style vegetable bed. Step by step, growing vegetables is like playing chess. Not far from the granary, chicken coop and handmade tofu workshop. Ren Weizhong explained the original intention of designing these auxiliary facilities. "In my mind, the village should first be self-sufficient economically, at least food can be produced by itself, instead of relying on the market, and then it can establish a resource cycle, do not produce garbage, and reduce the burden on the environment."

Checkerboard Garden Ren Weizhong/Photo in 2019

He integrated biogas and solar energy into the energy used in the ecological house, and also improved Anji’s traditional iron pot bath, which is a multi-purpose firewood stove for burning pig grass and bathing in the pigsty.

At the beginning of the century, families in Anji Mountain Village did not have shower rooms. Firewood stove and iron pot bath are rural living facilities that make us Shanghai high school students feel incredible. People wash in the pot and the firewood burns under it. Isn’t that person a stewed pig’s trotters? The students are all afraid to try iron pot bath. Only one naughty boy tried it. He excitedly reported the first bath experience, and it was very comfortable to bathe in an iron pot with a diameter of nearly one meter. However, when he was drunk, the pig on the side screamed, which scared him to start from a pot of water and ended in a mess. The improved iron pot bath still retains the firewood stove, but it is moved from the pigsty to the bathroom. Ren Weizhong’s son became the first person who tried to wash the pot, and the little guy sang with the happy bath water. I found that his interior design was inspired by traditional rural life. He often mentions the details of his childhood life. In a sense, Ren Weizhong acted like an independent contemporary artist, building an ideal "Utopia" on the barren beach.

The dream of an agricultural ecological village with unchanging initial intention

"I have always had the greatest wish, that is, to build an ecological village where people and nature live in peace, and no longer let buildings that consume a lot of cement and steel bars and are not in the middle of the ocean occupy precious land. This idea is my dream that I have been struggling for more than ten years."

Bird’s-eye view of vegetable garden in house 3 (2020) Zhao Yajing

On that midsummer night 19 years ago, in the farmhouse yard at the foot of the mountain in Tongli Village, Ren Weizhong talked to my classmates and me about this dream of building a village. We felt that this man was still dreaming at his age. Over the years, I have taken my friends to visit the "mud school" every year, and everyone was deeply moved by his work. What Ren Weizhong wants to do most is to build an agricultural ecological demonstration village, popularize environment-friendly rural housing, and at the same time realize that the village economy does not depend on the city, and all kinds of resources circulate internally, and take the mode of sustainable development. The inspiration of the eco-village comes from Dazhai, taking the spirit of self-reliance, hard work and collectivism in Dazhai.

Although it seems difficult to achieve the goal of eco-village, times have changed and everything has developed in a favorable direction. First of all, Ren Weizhong built the rural ecological house and improved the core rammed earth construction technology. Ecological residence is regional, and rammed earth building materials are universal. From eco-house to rammed earth construction technology, Ren Weizhong put forward a solution to make eco-house universal, and entered the market through homestay buildings, which was connected with people’s real life. In this sense, Ren Weizhong is somewhat like a building materials developer.

Secondly, people’s ideas in rural society are constantly evolving. From the perspective of construction practice, modern building materials such as reinforced concrete have entered the countryside for more than 30 years. In the process of long-term living and use, the problems of these building materials are gradually exposed, and the countryside is also learning lessons, constantly reflecting and improving the construction of houses. The way of sticking tiles on the external walls of houses in the 1990s has been eliminated. However, the popularization of rammed earth buildings needs to solve some technical and cost obstacles. Farmers hope to build houses high, but rammed earth houses with more than two floors are facing the test. In addition, the labor cost of rammed earth building is high, how to reduce the cost? Whether it is feasible for farmers to build houses with mutual assistance under the trend of urbanization is unknown. From the perspective of living concept, the situation is changing. The transformation and upgrading of the homestay industry gives rural society the opportunity to intuitively feel the ecological living, get in touch with the architectural concept of low-carbon and environmental protection, and reshape the understanding of earth houses. This is a slow and gradual process. The field of self-built houses in rural areas is a fully competitive free market, and farmers will make rational choices, but how to guide farmers to build houses also tests the vision and wisdom of the government.

During the construction of "beautiful countryside", some local governments in rural areas of Zhejiang Province promoted the construction of model farmhouses, notably Wencun Village, Dongqiao Town, Fuyang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, which was designed and built by Wang Shu, winner of Pritzker Architecture Prize. There is also Dazhuyuan Village in Anji, which was designed and constructed by Du Chunyu’s design team of Shanghai Jiaotong University Design and Research Institute. The project won the award of "2016 National Rural Housing Pilot Demonstration" by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.

Whether the design of modern rural model houses is good or not, rural society will naturally give feedback. Rural society should be more confident, based on its own experience, and put forward solutions to rural residential modernization. Just like Ren Weizhong, the scheme extracted from tradition may not be perfect at first, but it can be improved in many ways in the future. Farmhouses designed by western architects, urban architects or local people will eventually be tested by rural society. Ren Weizhong’s rammed earth architecture is still improving, and rural society needs more time to digest and understand his ideas and practical achievements.

The evolution of social concepts is inseparable from "potential", which requires observing the trend from the interaction between urban and rural areas. In 1984, farmers began to work in cities. For more than 20 years, farmers moved to cities to build cities. Around 2010, China ushered in a wave of rural construction. Many urban intellectuals, artists, urban white-collar workers, entrepreneurs and even foreigners went to various villages in China to help villages and villagers improve their living conditions and rebuild rural order through various ways, such as poverty alleviation teaching assistants, protection of ancient buildings, revival of folk arts, ecological agriculture, tourist hostels and reconstruction of rural cultural life. The rural construction in China shows the rich appearance of a hundred flowers blooming, and there is a case of "Yangjiale" naked heart township igniting the residential industry. Who knows whether there are future industrial opportunities in these various rural construction projects?

Urban people flow to the countryside, build the countryside, dig deep into various rural resources and develop creative projects, which bring opportunities for rural economic employment, and rural local rural builders like Ren Weizhong benefit from it. However, even if there is a qualitative change in the concept of living and construction in rural society, the realization of the ideal of building an ecological village still depends on the return of population from rural areas, so it depends on the general trend of the national economy and the trend of globalization. In such an era of crisis, the vast countryside can become a safe haven. The agricultural eco-village advocates ecological construction, is self-sufficient in economy, realizes resource circulation in the village, and farmers live independently of the city. This idea provides a solution to the crisis for the society. It is the hope of the countryside that bits and pieces of rural construction projects resonate together on the land of China. It is the mainstay of the times for farmers like Ren Weizhong to stick to the local position from beginning to end and seek the way out of rural modernization from tradition.

In a media interview, Ren Weizhong pointed to House No.2 in Mingtang in his heart and said easily, "The pebbles on the wall come from the stream in front of the door. In the future, when this house is demolished, the stones can be returned to the stream." The amateur architect has no obsession with architecture, and his philosophy is Taoist. Everything comes from nature and finally returns to nature. This is the belief and methodology of Ren Weizhong’s ecological and environmental protection cause. There is a cloud in the Book of Songs, "Peace and happiness". Anji has been a beautiful place since ancient times. This is the source of Ren Weizhong’s simple concept. Yes, what could be more divine than nature?

Reference catalogue

1. "Anji Ecological Watcher", Zhao Xiao, 2007, China Environment News.

　　 URL: http://www.eedu.org.cn/Article/epedu/epman/200702/11891.html

2. Ford Motor Environmental Award official website URL: http://cegc.npi.org.cn/about/award.html

3. "Farmers who can’t build houses are not good architects", Jin Yanqi, 2015, No.74 of Designer magazine.

　　 URL: https://wenku.baidu.com/view/cba72f4458f5f61fb73666d4.html

4. China Building Media Award official website

　　 URL: http://nd.oeeee.com/cama/200811/t20081127_921211.shtml

6. Ren Weizhong’s "Yu Gong" in building an ecological village, Huang Rong, 2012, Green China magazine.

　　 URL: http://www.greenchina.tv/news-508.xhtml

7. Anji Environmental Education Base

　　 URL: http://ajnews.zjol.com.cn/ajnews/ajepb/hj/effect/index.htm

8. "Huzhou Anji" Clay School "pushes energy-saving technology to the whole country", Yu Ying and Wang Weili, 2017, Huzhou Daily.

　　 URL： http://zj.people.com.cn/n2/2017/0918/c186947-30745160.html

Although not excellent, it can also reach the mainstream level of the same level. The following small series will tell you in detail.

Let’s look at the appearance of the zero-run T03 first. The front of the zero-run T03 presents a simple design style, which makes people unforgettable. Coupled with the fashionable headlights, the design took the sports route. The car is equipped with automatic opening and closing, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the size of the car body is 3620 mm * 1652 mm * 1592 mm. The car adopts deep lines, and the side wall presents an avant-garde design style, which is eye-catching with large-size thick-walled tires. In the rear part, the rear looks very simple, and the taillights look very fashionable and concise.

Coming into the car T03, the front face of T03 looks very fashionable and simple, which reflects the sense of design. The steering wheel design of this car is very comfortable, and it is equipped with functions such as manual adjustment of the steering wheel up and down, which looks a bit more capable. Let’s take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior style impressive and conforms to the mainstream aesthetics. The dashboard and seats give people a good feeling, too. Let’s take a look. The dashboard design is remarkable and looks simple. The car uses leather seats, which are wrapped in place and have good support and comfort.

The zero-run T03 is 80KW, the total torque is 158N.m, and the maximum speed is 100km/h..

The car is equipped with traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), Bluetooth /WIFI connection, cruise control, voice control, intelligent key and other configurations, and the configuration performance is relatively good, which improves the convenience of drivers to some extent.

What’s your main impression of this car after reading the whole article? I wonder if you are excited about this car introduced today?

Uncle Brick’s Tip: The reading time of this article is about2minute

[New car after having a car] Today, BYD Qin L’s declaration map was officially exposed in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. As a brand-new model, Qin L will be positioned higher than Qin PLUS. The new car will be equipped with the latest DM5.0 hybrid system, or provide two pure electric endurance versions of 60km and 90km. The estimated starting price is around 120,000.

From the design point of view, Qin L is still BYD’s classic Dragon Face design language. The dragon face headlights, the dragon beard design and the large air intake below are all in the same strain as Qin PLUS, but the overall style is more extreme, especially the diversion ports on the left and right sides of the front bumper, which is more in line with the aesthetics of young consumers. The rear of the car still adopts the layout of penetrating taillights, and the overall visual effect is wider, simple and atmospheric.

In terms of body size, Qin L’s measurements are almost completely dominant compared with Qin PLUS, and the size is almost equal to that of a medium-sized car.

In terms of power, according to the information in the declaration map, Qin L will be equipped with a DM5.0 hybrid system consisting of a 1.5L engine and a motor, with the maximum power of 74kW for the engine and 160kW for the motor. Compared with the existing 1.5L engine powered by Qin PLUS, the fuel consumption is expected to be better. Lithium iron phosphate battery comes from Fudi, Zhengzhou, and its pure electric cruising range is expected to be 60km and 90km.

Write it at the end

Qin L is not the replacement of Qin PLUS, but a brand-new model between Qin PLUS and Han. The arrival of the new car will further complement the car product line of BYD Dynasty series and meet the challenges of opponents with stronger combination boxing. Of course, what Qin L is most looking forward to is the DM5.0 hybrid system it is equipped with, and we also look forward to it bringing us another surprise of the ultra-low fuel consumption measured when the Song PLUS DM-i debuted. If you are also concerned about Qin L, welcome to join our riders group of Qin L. Let’s look forward to the announcement of more information about the new car.

Looking forward to BYD Qin L, please click."Like+watching"!

　　On October 28th, the first delivery ceremony of the new M7 city in AITO was held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Since the pre-sale, consumers all over the country have been paying more and more attention to the new M7. As of today, the cumulative listing of the new M7 has exceeded 70,000! With the delivery of the first car owners, the new M7 officially landed in Zhejiang market.

　　As a new product with a total investment of 500 million yuan, Wenjie New M7 has stronger body, chassis and more comfortable driving performance, more spacious and ever-changing interior space design, stronger intelligent driving and smarter intelligent cockpit. Each function and design is from the consumer’s point of view, providing users with a comfortable driving experience. While creating exclusive personal comfort space, it can take care of the demand for family cars in all directions, and forward-looking innovative technology has broken through the boundaries of smart travel.

　　The new M7 in Wenjie fully considers the needs of family travel. It has the highest "room rate" in its class, and the leading effective space in its class is 3338 mm. The whole family can travel easily and stretch freely. In addition to the super spacious experience, the new M7 in Wenjie is also super-wearable. Its trunk has a storage capacity of 686L, which can accommodate 12 standard 20-inch boarding boxes. With the 52L storage compartment in the trunk, the efficient space efficiency can meet the loading requirements of most family cars.

　　In addition to meeting the needs of family travel, the new M7 also brings a smarter intelligent cockpit experience. The new M7 is equipped with HarmonyOS Intelligent Cockpit 3.0. The "Intelligent Cockpit Ceiling" is upgraded to provide users with a relaxed, convenient and rich immersive driving experience. In addition, the HUAWEI ADS 2.0 advanced intelligent driving system equipped with the new M7 is expected to be available all over the country by the end of December, bringing a better and better intelligent driving experience.

　　In addition to having more space and great wisdom experience, the new M7 in the world also brings super-safe experience. Using submarine-grade high-strength steel and CBS composite body material, the body structure is upgraded, and the five-seat body is matched to open the mold, which greatly improves the passive safety performance of the whole vehicle; When the lidar gets on the bus, HUAWEI ADS 2.0 launches the omni-directional anti-collision system, which will take the active safety one step further and can be regarded as "intelligent safety ceiling".

　　At the delivery ceremony, the new owner, Mr. Wang, said, "I am very excited to be the first owner. Today, the site also explained to us the maintenance of the new car, the rights and benefits of the owner and the preparation of a wealth of activities, which gave us a sense of ceremony. I have already thought about driving a new car to take my family on a camping trip!

　　Relying on the leading edge of Cyrus Auto and Huawei in their respective fields, AITO has always been committed to meeting the needs of multiple users with the best product quality and intelligent experience. As an important gift to the Zhejiang market, AITO has formulated exclusive benefits for consumers. Before October 31, 2023, the new M7 can enjoy rights worth up to 30,000 yuan.

Have you calculated how long you use electronic equipment every day? Dry eyes, itchy eyes, painful eyes, stinging eyes, photophobia, tears, foreign body sensation, etc. How many symptoms have you got? While electronic products bring us convenience, improper use may also cause serious harm to our eyes.

What diseases are the symptoms of eye discomfort often felt in life?

We usually have a series of eye discomfort symptoms caused by excessive use of electronic products, such as dryness, swelling pain, itchy eyes, easy fatigue, blurred vision, foreign body sensation, burning sensation, fear of wind, photophobia, sensitivity to external stimuli, etc., which may be the manifestations of dry eye, asthenopia and pseudomyopia.

How is dry eye syndrome?

Dry eye refers to a tear secretion disorder caused by many factors, with dry eyes as the main symptom. Dry eye sometimes the eyes are too dry and the basic tears are insufficient, but it stimulates the secretion of reflective tears, resulting in frequent tears.

Main symptoms: dry eyes, easy fatigue, itchy eyes, foreign body sensation, burning pain, sticky secretions, fear of wind, photophobia and sensitivity to external stimuli.

How is visual fatigue?

Visual fatigue is not an independent disease, but a group of fatigue syndrome caused by various reasons. Visual fatigue is mainly caused by the decrease of blinking times when people concentrate on watching the screens of electronic products such as TV, computer or mobile phone, resulting in a corresponding decrease in tears secretion, and at the same time, the flashing screen strongly stimulates the eyes, which will cause and aggravate various eye diseases.

The main symptoms: eye fatigue, dry eyes, foreign body sensation, heavy eyelids, blurred vision, photophobia and tears, eye swelling and pain, eye congestion, headache, dizziness, nausea, listlessness, inattention, memory loss, loss of appetite and other systemic symptoms. A few patients may have diplopia, stereoscopic vision dysfunction, elevated intraocular pressure, corneal damage, etc., and teenagers may also have myopia or deepen myopia.

How is pseudomyopia?

Pseudomyopia is caused by the continuous contraction and spasm of ciliary muscle and the increase of lens thickness, which leads to blurred vision. If pseudomyopia is not relieved in time, it will lead to the enlargement of axial length and become true myopia.

Can you avoid dry eye symptoms by closing your eyes?

Close your eyes and rest can protect your eyes, but it can’t prevent dry eye. The most effective way to prevent dry eye is to blink effectively. Blink, that is, what we usually call blink.

Can staring at green alleviate visual fatigue?

Green is the most favorable color for the eyes, but just looking at green can’t relieve visual fatigue. The most effective way to relieve visual fatigue is to let your eyes look far away and have a proper rest.

Can anti-blue glasses and anti-blue mobile phone film effectively protect eyes?

It is not recommended to protect your eyes through anti-blue glasses and anti-blue mobile phone film. What is really harmful to the eyes is: short-wave blue light with a wavelength of 400~450.

How to prevent visual fatigue?

● Pay attention to the distance of using electronic products.

● Pay attention to the time of using electronic products and follow the "20-20-20" rule.

● Pay attention to adjusting the brightness of electronic products.

● Strengthen outdoor activities and get full exposure to the sun.

● Maintain hand hygiene and prevent eye infection.

● Strengthen nutrition.

On August 15th, Wei Wenbin, vice president of Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, and Li Ying, chief ophthalmologist of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were invited to keep you away from "digital fatigue". Please watch.

　　　　On May 20th, Yolanda, a famous movie star, was invited by a column in Henan Province to promote her latest solo album "Lonely Flowers" in Zhengzhou Grand Shanghai International Studios. After breaking up with her boyfriend Xia Yu, Yuan Quan really became a "lonely flower". China News Agency issued Chen Daishu photo

　　　　Gao Yuanyuan, a mainland artist, snatched Xia Yu from Yolanda. China News Agency issued Han Yibing photo

　　　　There are indications that Yolanda and Xia Yu did break up. So, at least half of Xia Yu’s affair with Gao Yuanyuan is true. Moreover, Xia Yu is not sorry for Yolanda. Single men are justified in looking for love.

　　　　According to the reporter’s witness, Yolanda performed "Peach Blossom Garden" in poly theatre. Xia Yu’s car drove to the door, not to pick up Yolanda, but to enter the coffee shop. Yuan Quan got on Huang Lei’s car from another exit. Xia Yu should know that Yolanda is performing here, but he is no longer interested in being a flower escort. From the expression of two people, Xia Yu looks glum, while Yuan Quan is laughing.

　　　　Earlier, Xia Yu exposed the news of living with Gao Yuanyuan, which greatly damaged his health image, while Yuan Quan burst into tears at the recording scene of Li Jing’s program, and even more, he put a knife in Xia Yu’s heart. Two people break up, although the reasons are diverse, but in this way, Xia Yu is much more passive than Yolanda.

　　　　A love affair that has been going on for nearly ten years, although it has become a spent force in the end, and both of them have traces of struggling to survive, but the breakup still makes the public sigh, as if love has been hit again. Who believes there is still an out-of-touch feeling? Xia Yu is a Scorpio, but Venus falls in Sagittarius, a constellation that pursues sexual desire and does not hide its sexiness. Xia Yu has an open and exposed side in his bones, which can be seen in his dress and behavior. However, Yuan Quan is relatively strict with the package and much lower-key.

　　　　Yolanda Sun and Mercury all fall in Libra, and Venus is Virgo. They pursue perfect love and abstract love, which is different from Xia Yu’s love that pays more attention to sensuality. Their views on love are essentially different. Because you are romantic when you are young, you can play with spiritual love, but the hot-blooded summer rain matures gradually, and hormones burn in the body, so it is impossible to keep the feelings pure and pure all the time. The pace of two people is different, so there is a gap between before and after.

　　　　Two people’s astrolabes show that each other is the opposite sex type that they appreciate, but each person’s personality has something that the other person can’t tolerate. Summer rain is stubborn, Yolanda is cold outside and hot inside, and his temper is not necessarily good, especially when the moon falls on the Sagittarius, and his mood is out of place from time to time. If he happens to meet Xia Yu’s strength, it will be difficult to deal with it.

Editor: Peng Wei

　　[Window of World Education]
　
　　In modern society, reading is one of the necessary skills for individuals. Reading is a key way for children to learn knowledge, and it is also an important way for children to develop their thinking and cultivate their temperament. In the frame map of students’ learning fields in the 21st century put forward by UNESCO, reading and communication occupy the central position in the seven learning fields. Therefore, parents expect their children to learn to read as soon as possible.
　
　　However, in fact, all over the world, many children can’t read normally. Some parents feel that their children can’t concentrate, that they are "ADHD", and they don’t realize that their learning disabilities may be another situation.
　
　　1. Is it dyslexia or ADHD?
　
　　Under normal educational conditions, most children can learn to read normally. However, although reading is so important to children’s development, some children can’t acquire reading smoothly. According to research statistics, there are about 5%-10% children in English, Chinese, Japanese and other writing systems. They have normal intelligence and enjoy equal educational opportunities, but their reading performance is still far behind their peers — — These children are called dyslexia.
　
　　As early as 1896, clinicians in Europe and the United States discovered the existence of children with reading difficulties. Limited by the level of science and technology at that time, the most knowledgeable people also knew little about "dyslexia". For a long time, society has misunderstood children with dyslexia, thinking that they are stupid, lazy, or "unable to sit still" (inattention and hyperactivity). Up to now, science has unveiled the mystery of "dyslexia", and our understanding of dyslexia is more clear.
　
　　First of all, children with dyslexia do not have intellectual problems, and some children with dyslexia are even very smart. If the problem of dyslexia can be found in time and received special education, they may overcome the problem of reading and writing, give full play to their potential, and even become creative talents in various fields. Therefore, sometimes we call children with dyslexia "smart stupid children".
　
　　Secondly, dyslexia is a developmental disorder, and people diagnosed with dyslexia are troubled by it all their lives. They have difficulties in word recognition, word understanding and dictation throughout primary and secondary schools and all the way to adulthood. So don’t expect dyslexia to heal naturally. Early detection and early intervention are very important to overcome dyslexia.
　
　　Thirdly, dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, commonly known as ADHD) are two different problems, which can exist separately or at the same time. Although the prevalence of dyslexia with ADHD is as high as 20%-40%, dyslexia and dyslexia caused by ADHD are two different abnormal phenomena. It is important to distinguish the difference between these two problems, because there are different ways of intervention.
　
　　Finally, dyslexia runs in the family. Studies have shown that among identical twins, if one person suffers from dyslexia, the probability of the other person suffering from dyslexia is as high as 68%; One of the parents or immediate siblings suffers from dyslexia, and the probability of this individual suffering from dyslexia is about 50%. This can be used as one of the signals for early identification of children with dyslexia.
　
　　So, how should parents or teachers identify children with dyslexia? Typical manifestations of children with dyslexia are listed below. The following 10 items meet 6 or more and last for more than half a year. Children may have dyslexia and need to find a professional institution to diagnose their children.
　
　　First, the language performance is significantly lower than the average level of the same class; Second, read slowly and laboriously, and do not understand the content after reading; Third, it is easy to jump words and lines when reading; Fourth, I don’t like reading aloud, and when I read aloud, I drop words or easily read typos; Fifth, the writing speed is slow and it is easy to write typos; Sixth, I often can’t remember the date or name; Seven, the sense of balance is not good, and the small muscles are clumsy; 8. Avoid tasks that require a lot of reading and avoid reading novels or other written materials; Nine, low self-esteem, no confidence in themselves; Ten, learning a foreign language is particularly difficult.
　
　　2. A stumbling block to fluent reading
　
　　Reading is an advanced cognitive function, not a physiological instinct that human beings naturally develop and mature at a certain age — — Reading is far more complicated than we thought. Reading involves a series of cognitive processing processes: first, bottom-up processing, that is to say, reading is to obtain meaning from written words, involving the recognition of written words, and only by recognizing words can we understand the meaning of sentences or chapters; The second is top-down processing. Reading comprehension depends on the interaction with the reader’s own memory (knowledge) structure to process and process the input textual information.
　
　　Most children have been exposed to the written environment before they formally learn to read — — Advertising slogans, printed words on food packaging bags, and words on picture books that can be seen everywhere in life — — These make children have a preliminary understanding of the characteristics and functions of words, and they can gradually realize that words are symbols used to record spoken language, which are different from other symbols. This initial perception of words is called "word consciousness". Whether it is the reading of pinyin characters or Chinese characters, the sense of words is very important.
　
　　As children grow older, they are exposed to more and more words. Especially after primary school, I began to systematically learn the recognition of words, and gradually formed my perception of the design rules of words, that is, "orthographic consciousness." When children know a certain number of words (or words), they can enter the stage of independent reading, that is, they will no longer rely on the help of adults to read text-based books independently. With the increase of children’s reading, the reading speed is gradually accelerated. By the fourth grade of primary school, most children can become skilled readers.
　
　　Phonetic awareness is very important for children with pinyin (such as English and German) background to learn to read. Phonetic awareness refers to children’s ability to perceive and operate phonetics. For example, they can skillfully divide cat (meaning "cat") into three corresponding minimum pronunciation units /k//ae//t/, and can also combine pronunciation units to form a word. The deficiency of this ability is considered to be the core reason for the difficulty in reading pinyin. However, the role of phonological awareness in Chinese reading is not as important as that in pinyin. It is generally believed that phonological awareness only plays a limited role in the early stage of Chinese reading and learning.
　
　　For children with Chinese background to learn to read, the first threshold is the decoding of Chinese characters, that is, literacy, that is, to establish the relationship between the font of Chinese characters and the pronunciation and meaning of words. On the road to becoming a fluent reader, the first stumbling block for children with Chinese dyslexia is to remember the glyphs and write Chinese characters. A large number of studies have consistently shown that children with Chinese dyslexia have difficulties in font processing. They often have slow literacy, less literacy, and often make mistakes in writing, so it is difficult to remember the font of Chinese characters. Therefore, in order to firmly grasp the writing of Chinese characters, Chinese children often spend a lot of time copying Chinese characters. Copying one stroke at a time can help children to carry out fine visual processing on each Chinese character’s glyph. Like building a Lego block, different strokes are combined according to a certain spatial structure and "built" in Mi Zige in a regular and harmonious way. This is not an inefficient and stupid method. On the contrary, copying is an effective means for both literacy and writing. It can not only help children to establish a solid representation of glyphs in their brains, but also help them write Chinese characters more accurately.
　
　　The structure of Chinese characters is complicated. According to the spatial relationship, Chinese characters can be divided into single characters, upper and lower structures, left and right structures and surrounding structures. Because of the visual complexity of Chinese character composition and the spatial diversity of Chinese character structure, it is difficult for Chinese children to master orthographic skills. The research also shows that the defects related to orthography are the core defects of Chinese dyslexia.
　
　　Chinese character is an ideographic character, and there is no direct relationship between the shape and the pronunciation, but the relationship between the shape and the meaning of the word is closer. Pictophonetic characters are the main body of modern commonly used Chinese characters, and 80.5% of them belong to pictophonetic characters. Pictophonetic characters include two parts: shape and sound. The ideographic meaning of Chinese characters is very strong, and many words with the same shape are consistent or related in meaning. For example, after children learn the words "sea, ocean and river", they will find that they have the same radical "Tanya" and are all related to water. When they learn the words "lake, swimming and stream" again, they can realize that the newly learned Chinese characters may also be related to "water" — — This understanding and cognition of the smallest semantic unit is called "morpheme consciousness". This morpheme awareness is particularly important for children to learn to read, because Chinese contains a large number of Chinese characters with homographs. After children know a certain number of Chinese characters and can read independently, the obstacles they encounter in reading become the understanding of vocabulary, especially some written vocabulary. Children with strong morpheme awareness are more likely to understand the meaning of words and expand their vocabulary. Therefore, morpheme awareness is more important for Chinese reading learning than learning pinyin characters. It is found that morpheme awareness is closely related to children’s word formation ability, vocabulary and reading comprehension.The defect of morpheme consciousness is also one of the main cognitive defects of children with Chinese dyslexia.
　
　　In addition to the difficulties in font processing, writing and morpheme processing, the study also found that children with Chinese dyslexia still have naming speed problems. The naming speed obstacle may reflect that children with dyslexia have some difficulties in establishing stable and high-quality orthographic representations, thus affecting the speed of transforming visual symbols into sound symbols. Research shows that naming speed can also predict reading fluency well. Naming speed is also very important to the development of pinyin reading, and naming speed defect is also one of the main defects of pinyin reading obstacle. Therefore, naming speed defect may be one of the common cognitive defects of cross-language reading disabilities.
　
　　To sum up, children with dyslexia may have cognitive defects in many aspects. The mechanism of dyslexia in different words is not only consistent across languages, but also specific to words. As far as the current research is concerned, the mechanism of Chinese dyslexia is more complicated than that of pinyin.
　
　　3. Is reading a brain problem?
　
　　Reading is one of the unique advanced cognitive functions of human beings, and the brain is the physiological basis of reading learning and development. The International Dyslexia Association points out that dyslexia has specific neurophysiological defects.
　
　　At the end of the 20th century, with the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), scientists were able to detect the inside of the brain in a non-invasive and harmless way. Like a precise scientific camera, it takes a complete and clear picture of every slice of the three-dimensional body of the brain and shows it to people. At present, the research conclusion that has been repeatedly verified by scientific research and widely recognized by academic circles is that the dyslexic group of pinyin characters (such as English) is mainly abnormal in the posterior temporal-parietal junction area of the left brain, which is manifested in the level of brain functional activity, brain structure and the connection between this brain area and other brain areas. This abnormality may affect their phonological awareness development and thus hinder their reading.
　
　　However, the Chinese dyslexic group mainly has specific problems in the middle frontal gyrus of the left brain (related to the writing skills mentioned above) and the ventral pathway of the brain (related to the semantic processing and visual font processing mentioned above). At the same time, the abnormality of the occipital part of the right brain (that is, the brain area where we touch the pillow after lying flat) used for the processing of holistic visual features may also affect Chinese reading. These are all "abnormal brain working modes". The abnormality of these working modes will make the process of learning reading slow and arduous for dyslexics, because they can’t use the efficient and labor-saving reading neural pathway that most readers can use.
　
　　How to understand the abnormal brain working mode of dyslexic people? First of all, this once again shows that dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, not the result of children’s lack of hard work and incorrect learning attitude. Secondly, the brain is plastic, and appropriate and timely targeted training can help children with dyslexia overcome their reading difficulties and regain their reading confidence. For example, neuroimaging studies have found that effective behavior intervention can enhance the activity level of the temporal parietal region in the back of the left brain, which was originally weakly activated, and improve their reading performance. Finally, the abnormal brain working mode of dyslexic people has two sides. On the one hand, it makes the road for dyslexics to learn to read full of thorns; On the other hand, many dyslexics who have achieved high achievements in some fields are grateful for it, believing that the "learning process that can’t take the usual path" has given them unique problem-solving ability, while the difficult process of overcoming dyslexia has forged their perseverance.
　
　　4. How to help smart "stupid children"
　
　　Dyslexia is a developmental disorder. Early identification and early intervention can not only improve the success rate of intervention, but also prevent dyslexia from continuing into senior grades, and also avoid children’s emotional, behavioral problems and lack of self-confidence related to low academic achievement. Foreign research shows that in order to achieve the same effect, the teaching time of intervention in senior grade is several times more than that in junior grade (2 hours in fourth grade/0.5 hours in kindergarten).
　
　　The study of dyslexia has a history of hundreds of years in the west, and it has been relatively perfect in the evaluation, intervention and policy support of dyslexia. Hong Kong, China, has also taken the lead in this respect. At present, it has developed the dyslexia behavior scale and diagnostic test, designed Chinese reading and writing courses in kindergartens and primary and secondary schools, and developed corresponding teaching materials, and conducted relevant training for educational administrators and Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong. In addition, they also used the three-level response intervention model to replace the traditional methods to intervene in children with dyslexia, and achieved good intervention results.
　
　　Because the research on dyslexia in mainland China started late and mainly stayed in the basic research stage, the applied research on the diagnosis and intervention of dyslexia is still relatively weak. The public’s understanding of dyslexia is very limited. In recent years, more and more scholars began to pay attention to the popularization of common sense of dyslexia, and popular science books such as Smart Stupid Child: Helping Children Overcome Dyslexia and Getting Out of the Maze appeared, which made the public have more scientific understanding of dyslexia, but there is still a long way to go in the intervention of dyslexia and the development of diagnostic tools.
　
　　As mentioned earlier, dyslexia is a special learning disability that stems from abnormal brain development. Children with dyslexia are not not smart enough or do not study hard. On the contrary, their IQ is normal or even extraordinary, and they even have special talents in many aspects. Without timely diagnosis and intervention, what they need most is the understanding and support from teachers and parents. I hope these "smart stupid children" can have a happy childhood and enjoy reading like other children.
　
　　(Author: Liu Li, Gao Yue, professors and doctors of the State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning of Beijing Normal University; Kang Cuiping, Ph.D., now works for China Education Innovation Institute of Beijing Normal University)

Cctv newsYesterday (3rd), the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate jointly issued the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases such as Organizing Cheating in Examinations, which severely punished cheating in four categories of "national examinations prescribed by law", such as college entrance examination, postgraduate examination and judicial examination.

According to the criminal law, the crime of cheating in organizing exams, illegally selling, providing test questions and answers, and the crime of replacing exams are applicable to "national exams prescribed by law". Explain that the first article mainly clarifies which exams belong to the "national exams prescribed by law".

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office.Article 1 of the Interpretation stipulates that "the national examination prescribed by law" refers to the examination prescribed by laws formulated by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee.

It is clear that cheating in four types of exams, such as college entrance examination, is a crime.

This explanation makes it clear that the following examinations belong to the "national examinations prescribed by law": (1) national education examinations such as the entrance examination for ordinary colleges and universities, the entrance examination for graduate students, the self-study examination for higher education, and the entrance examination for adult colleges and universities; (2) central and local civil service recruitment examinations; (3) National unified legal professional qualification examination, national teacher qualification examination, national unified examination for certified public accountants, accounting professional and technical qualification examination, asset appraiser qualification examination, doctor qualification examination, licensed pharmacist professional qualification examination, registered architect examination, construction engineer qualification examination and other professional and technical qualification examinations; (4) other national examinations organized by the central or local competent departments and industries according to law.

On this basis, the third paragraph of Article 1 of the Interpretation further stipulates that the special types of enrollment, special skills tests, interviews and other examinations involved in the above-mentioned examinations belong to the "national examinations prescribed by law".

Criminal Law: The punishment for cheating is heavier if the circumstances are serious.

According to the provisions of the Criminal Law, whoever organizes cheating or provides cheating equipment or other help for others to commit the crime of organizing cheating in the national examination prescribed by law constitutes the crime of organizing cheating in the examination, and is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, with a fine or a single fine; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined.

So which behaviors are serious? The judicial interpretation released yesterday also specifically clarified the serious circumstances.

The explanation is clear. The college entrance examination, postgraduate entrance examination and civil servant recruitment examination have high social concern, great influence and wide coverage. The direct stipulation of organizing cheating in these three types of exams is "serious circumstances".

Explain that it is clearly defined as "serious circumstances" that the exam is postponed, cancelled or enabled due to cheating. According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, some cheating cases are committed by exam staff, especially in cheating cases before the exam, the "shadow" of "inside ghosts" can often be seen, and the actor illegally obtains exam questions and answers by bribing a specific person to know before the exam, and then organizes cheating in the exam.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Examination staff violate their responsibilities to organize cheating in exams, which is more subjective and vicious, so the Interpretation defines it as "serious circumstances". Organizing candidates to cheat across provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government is very harmful, so the Interpretation defines it as "serious circumstances".

The Interpretation defines cheating in exams for many times, cheating for more than 30 times, and providing more than 50 pieces of cheating equipment as "serious circumstances". According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, according to the different exams involved, the amount of illegal income from organizing cheating in exams or providing cheating equipment varies greatly.

Based on the consideration of severely punishing the crime of cheating in organizing exams, the Interpretation defines the illegal income of more than 300,000 yuan as "serious circumstances".

What equipment belongs to "cheating equipment"

According to the criminal law, the crime of cheating in organizing exams involves providing cheating equipment for others to commit the crime of cheating in organizing exams. So how to identify "cheating equipment"? Let’s see how it is stipulated in the Judicial Interpretation.

The judicial interpretation stipulates: "The programs and tools with the functions of avoiding or breaking through the safety management measures to prevent cheating in the examination room, obtaining, recording, transmitting, receiving and storing examination questions and answers, and the programs and tools specially designed for cheating shall be recognized as the second paragraph of Article 284-1 of the Criminal Law ‘ Cheating equipment ’ 。”

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:According to this, button-type digital cameras and glasses-type close-up devices that can send and receive examination questions and answers by disguising themselves to avoid examination in the examination room can all be regarded as "cheating equipment".

On this basis, in order to unify the identification procedure of cheating equipment, the second paragraph of Article 3 of the Interpretation further stipulates: "Whether it belongs to the second paragraph of Article 284-1 of the Criminal Law ‘ Cheating equipment ’ It is difficult to determine, according to the report issued by the public security organ at or above the provincial level or the examination department, combined with other evidence to make a determination; Involving special spy equipment, special equipment for eavesdropping and stealing photos, ‘ Pseudo base station ’ And other equipment, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the identification. "

How to identify the cheating that was investigated before the exam began?

In addition, from a practical point of view, many cases of cheating in organizing exams are investigated before the exam begins. In this case, the purpose of cheating in organizing exams has not been achieved. Should it be regarded as a crime accomplished or attempted? This judicial interpretation has been clarified.

According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, the constitutive elements of the crime of organizing cheating in exams are organizing cheating and providing cheating equipment or other help for others to commit the crime of organizing cheating in exams. As long as the behavior of organizing cheating in exams has actually seriously endangered the order of exams, it should be regarded as a crime accomplished, and whether the purpose of cheating is realized should not affect the establishment of the crime accomplished.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:In order to unify the application of the law and severely punish the crime of cheating in organizing exams according to law, Article 4 of the Interpretation makes clear the relevant issues. If cheating in the exam is caught before the exam begins, but the exam questions and answers have been illegally obtained or there are other circumstances that seriously disturb the order of the exam, it shall be deemed that the crime of cheating in the organization exam has been completed.

Illegally providing test questions shall be punished for more than three years.

Explain that there are also two statutory penalties for the crime of illegally selling, providing test questions and answers. Among them, if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and fined.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Article 6 of the Interpretation stipulates: "For the purpose of cheating in exams, illegally selling or providing questions and answers of national exams prescribed by law to others, if the questions are incomplete or the answers are not completely consistent with the standard answers, it will not affect the determination of the crime of illegally selling or providing questions and answers."

Clear rules for dealing with crimes instead of exams.

According to the criminal law, a person who takes the national examination in place of others or lets others take the national examination in place of himself as stipulated by law constitutes the crime of taking the examination instead, and shall be sentenced to criminal detention or public surveillance, and shall also or only be fined.

According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, in order to take into account the differences in the circumstances and circumstances of taking the test, the types of tests involved are different. In order to reflect and implement the criminal policy of combining leniency with severity, and to urge the actors who take the test to repent and turn over a new leaf, if they do show remorse, they can be suspended according to law.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Interpretation specifically stipulates: "If the perpetrator’s crime is minor, he does show remorse, and comprehensively considers the actor’s taking the test and the type of the test, he can declare probation if he thinks that it meets the applicable conditions for probation; If the circumstances of the crime are minor, no prosecution may be instituted or criminal punishment may be exempted; If the circumstances are significant, minor and harmless, they will not be treated as crimes. "

The explanation also clarified the rules for dealing with the crime of cheating in exams other than the national exams prescribed by law.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Explain the provisions of Article 10: "Whoever organizes cheating, provides cheating equipment or other help for others to organize cheating, or illegally sells or provides test questions and answers in other examinations other than the national examinations prescribed by law, which meets the constitutive requirements of crimes such as illegally obtaining state secrets, illegally producing and selling eavesdropping, stealing special equipment, illegally using eavesdropping, stealing special equipment, illegally using information networks, and disturbing the order of radio communication management, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law."

On the same day, in the tenth round of the Italian Football League in the 2023-2024 season, Inter Milan beat Rome 1-0 at home.

On October 29th, Inter Milan coach Inzaghi was on the sidelines. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Alberto Lingoria)

On October 29th, Inter Milan player Thuram (left) scored a goal in the game. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Alberto Lingoria)

On October 29th, Inter Milan player Thuram (left) competed with Roma player Ndika. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Alberto Lingoria)

On October 29th, Inter Milan player lautaro (left) competed with Roma player Lu Kaku. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Alberto Lingoria)

On October 29th, Inter Milan player lautaro (right) competed with Roma player Mancini. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Alberto Lingoria)

1. what is chagpt?

It is a natural language model GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) released by OpenAI a few years ago. The principle of GPT is: first, provide it with a huge corpus (directly grabbed from the Internet), and let the model break up, mark and learn these texts through hundreds of billions (175 billion) parameters to build a complex prediction model; Then, according to this prediction model, it is judged which word a word should take in this situation. In this way, one word is strung together to form a paragraph or an article.

Its core is: building GTP model (structure)-model pre-training and self-learning to build internal feedback (motivation)-Chat is to build a friendly user interface and interactive way to realize external feedback (interactive layer).

2. What can chatgpt do now?

A, answer questions; Chatgpt’s actual expression ability is better than many people; Because of the "breadth of self-learning", the content it answers can often give the questioner a new angle or a perfect framework;

B, write an article; Also based on the "breadth of feeding", we can give quality results such as emails, reports, papers, planning schemes, etc.

C, summarizing and refining; Can help you listen to videos, podcasts, articles, etc., and summarize the main points in concise language;

D, generating codes; Also based on "feeding professionalism", its code generation ability is also very strong;

3. Disadvantages of chatgpt:

A, the level of input information: ChatGPT can’t generate information out of thin air, and all its knowledge can only come from the corpus it is fed. Obviously, the answers it can provide and the contents it can output will not exceed the average level of these corpora; It is essentially a kind of second-hand information. It is neither accurate nor traceable.

B, moral and ethical issues: under the current modeling conditions, there are negative and "deviation" phenomena;

C, the answer error rate is high (about 5%): it is difficult for us to see where the answer given by ChatGPT is wrong, which will lead to potential risks to users;

4. the prospect of chatgpt:

A. Search: Looking back at people’s search for information, in the search 1.0 stage, they can only go to the library to look up information; Search 2.0 stage

Information is digitized, and information can be queried and exchanged through the Internet; However, the information is too complicated and needs to be effectively screened, refined and integrated, which is the search 3.0 stage; It solves the contradiction between "too much information" and "too little attention"

B. Reading: In the future, each of us may have our own "exclusive doctor, lawyer, financial manager", etc. No matter what questions we want to consult, ask artificial intelligence directly, and it will give the latest, most comprehensive and accurate answer;

C. Writing: We no longer need to spend a lot of energy on writing plans and documents. We just need to think and come up with all kinds of ideas, themes, ideas, etc., and then tell these ideas to artificial intelligence, give it enough information, and it can be automatically output.

5. Future prospects of AI:

A. The future of AI will become the same infrastructure as water and electricity; Just as the first industrial revolution harnessed coal, the second industrial revolution harnessed oil, electricity and the third industrial revolution harnessed information; The next revolution will be to control "data and computing power", and the future intelligence will become the most basic facilities and mass goods of the whole society.

B. For individuals, AI may not make you unemployed, but those who will use AI in the future will make you unemployed. That is to say, if employees can’t strive to upgrade to High Concept (high concept, responsible for deep thinking) or High Touch (high experience, responsible for interpersonal interface), they will be gradually eliminated.