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China’s trade went global. From 1757 to 1842, the 13th Canton was the only "special zone" for the Qing government to trade with Europe and the United States, which made the city retain its memory and make people remember its homesickness. Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,000 years. Every street and lane has a long story, and every brick and tile has a meaningful memory. Today, Xiaobian will appreciate the heavy memory of this city with you, appreciate the spirit tradition of tolerance and openness for more than 2,000 years, and appreciate the endless literary context; Together with you, under the illumination of history, we can understand today and Guangzhou, thus strengthening our cultural self-confidence. In 1757, with the promulgation of the imperial edict on foreign trade in which Qianlong only left Guangdong Customs, the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty was locked in the thirteenth line of Guangzhou. As the only exchange center between Chinese and Western civilizations for 85 years, it is a Chinese and foreign trading place located on the edge of the Pearl River, where foreign ships gather at the thirteen ports, and almost all major countries and regions in Asia, Europe and America have had direct trade relations with the thirteen banks. It has global trade routes to Europe, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. It was the only surviving node of the Maritime Silk Road under the closed-door policy of the Qing government at that time, bearing the gestation and development of modern China’s commercial economy. Although the thirteen lines have disappeared in the long river of history, their historical influence has been continuing. Two hundred years later, history once again chose Guangzhou to undertake the historical mission of "gathering customers from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world". Thirteen lines and the Canton Fair jointly compose the colorful movement of the Maritime Silk Road.It became the epitome of China’s opening to the outside world and economic development in modern times. A long scroll showing the style of the thirteen-line business hall in Qing Dynasty. Where did the thirteenth line come from? Kangxi’s sea trade gave birth to the "Thirteen Lines" and made Guangzhou "trade in one mouth". This was a scene in the 18th century-the Swedish merchant ship King Frederick was sailing off the South China Sea in China. This is a large sailboat of that era. It started from Europe and will arrive in Canton after more than a year’s voyage. In the eyes of westerners, China is a country of silk, porcelain and tea, and there are countless exquisite handicrafts, showing a profound culture. They were pleasantly surprised to find China. Fortunately, the Swedish ship escaped the stormy waves of the Cape of Good Hope, the piracy in Malacca and the threat of epidemic diseases on board, and completed the voyage with 20% staff reduction. Only half of the sailboats that set out with them can reach Guangzhou. Paying such a high price is for the maiden voyage of trade between China and Sweden. After leaving Gothenburg, Sweden, King Frederick went to Spain for the silver that was commonly used in China, and arrived at Lingding Island in Guangzhou on September 6, 1732. During the four months of berthing in Guangzhou, King Frederick ordered 151 large boxes and 1801 bundles of porcelain from more than 10 foreign firms in China, totaling 49,906 pieces. And 2183 boxes of red and green tea. After sailing from Guangzhou, King Frederick returned to Sweden after eight months. Porcelain exported in the Qing Dynasty is bright in color. At that time,Every year, hundreds of such merchant ships come from afar, enter the South China Sea of China through a long waterway, and then go north along the Pearl River to reach Guangzhou, then known as the southern gate of the Eastern Empire. In fact, during the Ming Dynasty, overseas trade was not always smooth, and the imperial court often declared a "sea ban", which lasted until the early Qing Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the sea was closed for 300 years. However, Guangzhou’s ship management organization, Shiboshi, was preserved and continued to play a role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The model of the Swedish merchant ship Gothenburg, which sailed to Guangzhou three times in Qing Dynasty. After Kangxi unified Taiwan Province and put down the San Francisco Rebellion, he began to consider the economic and tax balance of the whole country. He sent Shi Zhu, a cabinet university student, to Guangdong and Fujian for inspection to prepare for the sea trade. Because smuggling is popular, there is opposition in the court. Kangxi asked Shizhu, "How many houses have you been to in Guangdong?" Shizhu replied: "Zhaoqing, Gaozhou, Lianzhou, Leizhou, Qiongzhou, Guangzhou, Chaozhou, etc., where the people said that they had left their homeland for more than 20 years, and now the emperor has leveled the bandits and can go back to their homeland." Kangxi asked again, "So, people are happy to live by the sea, why don’t you allow it?" Shizhu replied, "The sea was sealed in the Ming Dynasty, so we can only do as usual." Kangxi was very dissatisfied and said: "The frontier ministers should take the national economy and people’s livelihood as their thoughts. Although the sea is forbidden today, people who trade privately also go to sea to make a living; To be honest, if you are not allowed, it is just for your own convenience. " Shizhu was speechless for a while. In the 24th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1685), the imperial court opened four ports for trade: Guangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan and Xiamen.However, at that time, there was no distinction between Chinese and foreign trade, and there was no specialized foreign trade firm. In the early days of the switch, when western ships arrived, officials were in a hurry, and foreign ships were often blocked outside the port and could not trade for a long time. In the spring of 1686, the second year of Guangdong Customs switch, the Guangdong government finally found a solution-Wu Xingzuo, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Li Shizhen, Governor of Guangdong, and Yi Ergtu, the supervisor of Guangdong Customs, jointly discussed and divided the national tax into two categories: "residence tax" and "line tax". The "residence tax" is a tax levied on all goods landed in the inland trade of this province, which is collected by the tax department and called "Golden Line"; "Travel tax" is a tax on goods sold by foreign countries and goods traded at sea, which is collected by Guangdong Customs. "Foreign goods line" means "thirteen lines". When it comes to the meaning of "line", it means "line and column", which is "the place where goods live". From then on, foreign goods company 13 became a professional firm engaged in foreign trade, which was managed by the state to prevent free exchanges between Chinese and foreign people. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), Qianlong made a decree in the Forbidden City: "The port is set in Guangdong, and foreign ships are allowed to dock in Guangdong." The other three ports were closed, and Guangzhou became the foreign trade center of Qing Dynasty. This export painting in Qing Dynasty depicts the scene of local businessmen talking with foreign businessmen. How prosperous is the thirteenth line? The 85-year-old "one-stop trade" has made Guangzhou’s routes to the world increasingly developed. In addition to the routes to the Indian Ocean, Nanyang, Japan and Europe that have been in use in the Ming Dynasty, it has also increased the routes to North America, Oceania and Russia through the Cape of Good Hope.In many places overseas, there are scenes of merchants from various countries shuttling around the "canton" thirteen-line commercial pavilion area and tens of thousands of races on the river, which makes people marvel at the prosperity of Guangzhou at that time. Although according to the regulations of the government, foreign businessmen could not live in Guangzhou at that time, but only in the suburbs or Huangpu Port, every rest day, businessmen or sailors could walk into the city gate and visit the flower pagoda and longevity temple of Haikuang Temple, and they could also visit scenic places such as Baiyun Mountain and Fangcun Flower Land. Guangzhou, a trading port, became the preferred "golden port" for western merchant ships after the opening and closing of the Qing Dynasty. Of course, silk porcelain, tea and homespun were exported, while wool, cotton, metals and spices were imported from abroad. In 1984, British divers found the Dutch merchant ship "Helder Malsen" which sank on the rocks in 1751. When it returned from China, it brought 147 pieces of gold, 239,000 pieces of porcelain in 203 boxes, 687,000 pounds of tea, textiles, lacquerware, sappan wood and thymelaeaceae. By 1986, when part of the sunken ship was salvaged for auction, the guests were dumbfounded by the dazzling array of goods. Qing dynasty export porcelain painted with ocean-going sailboats. In those days, foreign businessmen came to Guangzhou with great enthusiasm. Apart from Russian caravans crossing Siberia to the northern border of China and Portuguese merchant ships trading in Macau, neighboring countries and European and American countries, including the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, France, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Prussia, Italy, the United States and Peru, participated in the tribute trade with China.All of them are trading in the 13th Commercial Hall in Guangzhou. In Berlin Coin Museum, Germany, there is a silver coin with the head of Prussian king on the front and a Guangzhou businessman in Qing Dynasty costume on the back. There is a box of tea behind the businessman. This is a commemorative coin made for Prussian merchant ships who sailed to Guangzhou for the first time in the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1753), and it is the only commemorative coin in Europe with the image of Qing Dynasty. Among the foreign ships coming to China, there are also names with Chinese flavor, such as "Guangzhou", "Merchant of China" and "empress of china". This painting for export in Qing Dynasty reflects thirteen lines of street customs. It is worth mentioning that there are canton in many overseas places. For example, Canton in Massachusetts and Canton in Georgia are towns named after Guangzhou, while Canton in northeast Ohio is the largest Guangzhou city in the United States. Since the second half of the 18th century, there have been dozens of foreign merchant ships coming to Guangzhou every year, with more than 80 at the most. By the early 19th century, it had increased to one or two hundred. In 1784, the American merchant ship "empress of china" made its maiden voyage to Guangzhou with leather goods and American ginseng worth 120,000 US dollars. "empress of china" also kept all the naval equipment to prevent pirates from looting. On May 11th, 1785, "empress of china" returned to the United States, causing a sensation all over the country. All the goods on board were snapped up, and Washington, the founding president of the United States, also bought a teapot with a dragon pattern. Line 13 has "Tianzi Nanku"There is also a domineering name for the thirteen lines: "Tianzi Nanku". In the process of accumulating wealth, the court also got huge benefits from Guangzhou. From the first year of Daoguang (1821) to the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), more than 1.5 million taels of silver tax were received in Guangzhou every year, all of which were dominated by the royal family. The foreign firm also transported foreign goods such as ivory, enamel, snuff, clocks, glassware, gold and silver for the emperor. In the list of 1738, 88 of the 102 tributes were exotic foreign goods. In 1754, hall of mental cultivation was built in the Forbidden City in Beijing, which needed valuable timber from Nanyang, and Guangdong imported 56,400 Jin for it. In 1708, Kangxi suddenly became seriously ill and drank the red wine prepared by the foreign imperial doctor Rod, and his heartbeat quickly returned to normal. In the future, whenever foreign ships entered Hong Kong, Kangxi asked if there was any wine, and if there was, he asked for it to be transported to Beijing as soon as possible. Soon, the world wines gathered in Guangzhou, and a wine "hotline" was formed between Beijing and Guangzhou. In 1758, in an imperial edict, Qianlong instructed that "foreign clocks and watches, western gold beads, exotic furnishings or fresh utensils should be bought", and that "there is no need to cherish fees". It can be seen that Guangdong Customs, Guangzhou Foreign Firm and the court are inextricably linked, and the thirteenth line has become the only foreign goods supply place that the royal family can rely on, so it is called "Tianzi Nanku". The richest group in China relied on the monopoly privilege of foreign trade, and a number of China tycoons appeared in the 13th line, such as Pan Zhencheng, Wu Bingjian and Lu Guanheng, all of whom were rich, among which Wu Bingjian was the most prominent and became the richest man in the world at that time. Wu Bingjian has 26 million taels of silver,It is equivalent to more than 5 billion yuan today, and its income is half that of the Qing government. His son invests in railways in the United States, and the annual interest alone is more than 200,000 taels of silver. In addition, Shisanhang has also become a bridgehead for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Chinese porcelain, export paintings and folk handicrafts are exported from here, and foreign scientific knowledge, culture and art are also introduced into China from here. Exquisite export products in Qing Dynasty. The picture shows the export porcelain candlestick in Qing Dynasty. The relationship between Shisanhang and the world far exceeds trade. In the history of Shisanhang, there were three big fires, and the last fire completely burned Shisanhang. The first fire was in 1822. A cake shop near Shisanhang caught fire, which affected Shisanhang. The fire burned for two days, and many foreign business halls and foreign firms were burned down. In 1842, the thirteenth line suffered a second fire. In 1856, when the Second Opium War broke out, the British army shelled Guangzhou and burned thirteen lines. All the buildings and goods in the thirteen lines were destroyed in the fire. "The connection between the thirteen lines and the world lies not only in trade. It is the first place where the eastern and western hemispheres blend in all directions in the fields of politics, economy, culture, religion, science and technology, language, art and law. " Lily li, curator of Thirteen Lines Museum, said. Tan Yuanheng, a professor and doctoral supervisor of South China University of Technology, believes that Guangzhou has its own urban pattern, which is the economic pattern naturally formed by commercial trade. From the "Fanfang" in the Middle Ages, the Haizhu Stone Commercial Port in the near ancient times, until the appearance of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines, Guangzhou was well-deserved as the "Millennium Commercial Capital". The formation of the city of Guangzhou,It is similar to Florence, Milan, Venice, Rome and other commercial cities with rich wealth in the west. It is the commercial prosperity since ancient times that created Guangzhou and gave birth to Guangzhou-from the beginning, Guangzhou has the characteristics of a marine and commercial city. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that Shisanxing appeared in Guangzhou, and it was integrated into the world, becoming the earliest commercial leader with modern colors of China. The 13th Guangzhou Tour also has a positive impact on the development of the world economic system. Wang Yuanlin, director and professor of 13th Line Research Center of Guangzhou University, said that 13th Line has a merchant guarantee system, that is, the merchant guarantees many affairs of foreign merchant ships coming to China, bears many responsibilities such as guarantee, and may not owe foreign debts. Once the hong merchants go bankrupt due to debts owed to foreign merchants, other hong merchants will be responsible for sharing the compensation. "This’ sitting together’ guarantee system later became an important reference for the US banking deposit insurance system." Wang Yuanlin said. According to the Secret Files of Foreign Merchants in Qing Dynasty, an American businessman owed Jardine Matheson Wu Bingjian 72,000 silver dollars, which he was unable to repay. When Wu Bingjian tore up the IOUs, he used "Guangzhou English" in his dialogue with American businessmen. New Mission and New Action: Undertaking the historical mission of making friends with the world. Although the back of Guangzhou’s leap into a trillion-dollar city of foreign trade has disappeared in the long river of history, the legacy left by the thirteenth line-the business spirit of facing the world, being the first, being open and innovative, and striving for perfection-has been engraved in Guangzhou’s genes, and Guangzhou has always been at the forefront of China’s foreign trade exchanges. Two hundred years apart, history once again chose Guangzhou in 1951, in order to strengthen the circulation of urban and rural materials,Guangzhou decided to hold an unprecedented material exchange conference called South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference. Twelve permanent and semi-permanent exhibition halls have been built in the original site of Thirteen Lines. This modernist architectural complex also laid the foundation for the development of cultural parks in the future. In 1952, "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" was established at the site of the South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference, and became a famous exhibition place for cultural activities at that time. In January 1956, Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace was renamed Guangzhou Cultural Park. From "South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference" to "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" and then to "Guangzhou Cultural Park", the names were inscribed by Ye Jianying. Two hundred years after Thirteen Lines were born, history once again chose Guangzhou as the window for China’s foreign trade exchange. On April 25th, 1957, the first floor of Sino-Soviet Friendship Building in Liuhua Road, Guangzhou was filled with gongs and drums, and the first China Export Commodities Fair (hereinafter referred to as the Canton Fair) opened here! "’Poop-poop’ went through the tunnel and the clothes were blackened." At that time, Li Huan, a 31-year-old Hong Kong buyer, arrived at the meeting on a coal-burning train. Without much care, he excitedly squeezed into the cheering crowd. "I have confidence in the sales of domestic products," he recalled fondly. The original intention of the Canton Fair was to meet the needs of economic construction and develop international trade in exchange for foreign exchange. At that time, New China urgently needed to open a channel to connect with the international market, and use the commodity exhibition as a window to display and trade export commodities. The host city of this exhibition should have a foreign trade foundation and a unique geographical advantage.Looking at China at that time, Guangzhou was the best choice: Guangzhou had a long history of foreign trade and was the only trading port in China under the closed door policy of the feudal dynasty for a long time. In terms of location, Guangdong is close to Hong Kong and Macao, which is the most convenient for Hong Kong businessmen. Only Guangzhou in Guangdong can undertake the historical mission of "making friends with the world". The turnover of the first Canton Fair accounted for 20% of the country’s total foreign exchange income in that year, which opened a channel for new China to communicate with the world in the high-pressure international political environment and suffered from "economic blockade" and "goods embargo", and the abbreviation of "Canton Fair" soon became familiar to the world. Since then, the Canton Fair has been held regularly in spring and autumn every year without interruption. Thousands of China enterprises have successfully entered the international market through the Canton Fair, and their export commodities have also changed from primary products to "made in China" and "made in China", and from offline to online and offline integration … On October 15, 2021, the 130th Canton Fair kicked off. During the 65 years from 1957 to 2021, the Canton Fair moved four times in Guangzhou, and the construction area of the exhibition hall expanded from the initial 18,000 square meters to 1.1 million square meters today. The cumulative export turnover of the Canton Fair exceeded US$ 1.4 trillion, accounting for more than 50% of the national export proportion. It has established trade relations with more than 210 countries and regions around the world, and accumulated about 8.8 million overseas buyers flew across the ocean to participate in the conference. The turnover is far from comparable to that of the thirteen banks in that year. In 2021, the total import and export value of Guangzhou’s foreign trade reached 1,082.59 billion yuan.Become a "trillion city of foreign trade". Through the Canton Fair, "gathering customers from all over the world, selling goods from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world" became a reality. In the export painting of Qing Dynasty, a grocery store on the street of Guangzhou. Canton Fair promotes the safe and smooth operation of the global industrial chain and supply chain. On July 19th, 2021, the State Council announced the list of the first batch of cities to cultivate and build an international consumption center. There are five major cities in China, and Guangzhou is the only non-municipality directly under the Central Government. Guangzhou has tasted the "first soup" of cultivating and building an international consumption center city. It is reported that Guangzhou has started the cultivation and construction of an international consumption center city in an all-round way, and it is planned to basically build an intelligent, fashionable and modern international consumption center city facing the world in about five years, so as to realize the transformation from "selling the world" to "selling and buying the world". In 2016, Guangzhou established the 13th Line Museum in Guangzhou on the site of 13th Line Foreign Commercial Pavilion in Qing Dynasty (in Guangzhou Cultural Park). According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines Museum, there are more than 4,800 pieces (sets) of cultural relics in the collection, which show the history of Thirteen Lines by means of "cultural relics+historical documents", sand table and electronic animation. "To some extent, Line 13 has a wonderful connection with the Canton Fair." Ye Nong, a professor at China Institute of Cultural History of Jinan University, said this. Cantonese English is very popular. In the process of "one-stop trade" for a long time, Guangzhou people invented a special language-"Guangzhou English". At that time, the inventor of "Guangzhou English" marked the pronunciation of English words in Cantonese, and gradually formed a distinctive one."Local English". After the opening of Shanghai, "Guangzhou English" spread to Shanghai and became the originator of "Pidgin English". Can you understand "Guangzhou English" Chinese: chin-chin, how do you do, long time my no hab see you. (Please, hello! I haven’t seen you for a long time) Foreigner: l can secure hab long time before time my no have come this shop. (It’s really been a long time, I didn’t come to your shop last time) Chinese: Hi-ya, so, eh! What thing wantchee? Oh, really, what do you want? ) foreigner: oh, some little chow-chow thing. you have got some ginger sweet? Oh, I want something small. Do you have any ginger preserves? ) Chinese: Just Now No Got, L Think Canton Habgot Velly Few That Sutemeet. (Not now, I think there are few such candied fruits in Guangzhou) (Excerpted from Wu Yixiong’s "Guangzhou English" and Chinese-Western Communication before the mid-19th century).The deep contact between the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world and foreigners in China made Thirteen Hong Merchants become the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world in China. During the Opium War, thirteen merchants took the lead in donating money to introduce advanced western technology and upgrade the equipment of Guangdong Navy. Pan Shirong devoted himself to imitating the most advanced steamship in the world at that time; Pan Shicheng hired a US naval officer with a high salary to copy the earliest modern mine in China-"Ship Attack Mine"; Zheng Chongqian was the first Chinese to spread the vaccinia law. The Wu family contributed a lot to the introduction of western medicine into China. The Vaccinium Vaccination Bureau, the first hospital in China, and the Ophthalmology Medical Bureau of Peter Peter Parker also received strong support from the Wu family. It can be said that the thirteen-line merchants were the earliest practitioners of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", which was 20 years earlier than the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty. After the end of the "one-stop trade" era, a large number of Guangzhou foreign trade businessmen moved to Shanghai and Hong Kong, forming the first wave of immigration in Shanghai. In the 1950s, Shanghai replaced Guangzhou as the largest trading port in China. What attracted the most attention from Guangdong was no longer goods, but a group of people called "comprador". The original Shanghai foreign firm was "comprador" and "half of it was made by Cantonese people". After arriving in Shanghai, Guangdong Hong merchants bought a large number of properties and real estate, and planned to build a Shanghai version of the "Thirteen Hong Merchants Pavilion" and rent it to foreign businessmen. However, because local officials accepted bribes from British businessmen, Guangdong merchants are nominally property owners of real estate and real estate.However, he was deprived of the right to dispose of real estate and real estate, and was forced to rent it to the British permanently without receiving the rent. Relying on this concession, British businessmen expanded step by step in Shanghai, and finally the Bund was formed in this area. The annotation "line, column also" in "thirteen lines" is "the place where goods live", which is the definition of "line" in ancient books. Guangzhou Shisanhang was a firm specializing in foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, and it was a monopoly institution designated by the Qing government to specialize in foreign trade. In 1813 and 1837, there happened to be thirteen firms, such as Jardine Matheson of Wu Bingjian, Kwong Lee of Lu Jiguang, Tong Fu of Pan Shaoguang, etc., but the number of the firms varied, ranging from four to more than twenty, and the "thirteen firms" were just the established appellation. The names of banks often change, including Xinglong, Lianxing, Dexing, Zhengxing, Tongxing, Yuanchang, Jinyuan, Yihe and Baoshun. Among them, Pan, Wu, Lu and Ye, the four major merchants, had more property than the national treasury income at that time, and they were truly "extremely rich". According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of the Thirteen Lines Museum in Guangzhou, according to historical records, the Thirteen Lines Site is located in today’s Guangzhou Cultural Park and its surrounding areas, including the China line number and the foreign commercial museum. The China line number is scattered, and some line numbers are outside the Thirteen Lines Street; However, foreign commercial pavilions are relatively concentrated, and the houses are all built facing the Pearl River, like a floating city on the water.

Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, Education Bureau, scientific research institutes, institutions of higher learning and relevant units:

In order to further strengthen the safety management of scientific research laboratories in the province and create a good safety environment for scientific research, the Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province and the Education Department of Jiangsu Province organized the compilation of the ".Operational guidelines for safety risk assessment of scientific research experiments(Trial). Is issued to you, please scientific research institutes, colleges and universities, enterprise research and development institutions with reference to the relevant requirements, conscientiously do a good job.Safety risk assessment of scientific research experimentWork.

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Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology education department of jiangsu

2022yearninemoonsevensun

       (This piece is made public voluntarily)

Operational guidelines for safety risk assessment of scientific research experiments

(Trial)

Further strengthen the laboratory safety management of scientific research institutes, universities, enterprise R&D institutions and other units, implement the policy of "safety first, prevention first, comprehensive management", strengthen risk awareness, enhance risk prevention and control capabilities, and create a good safety environment for scientific research. According to the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Safety in Production, Regulations on Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals, Regulations on Safety in Production in Jiangsu Province, Risk Management Risk Assessment Technology (GB 27921-2000

one Purpose of evaluation

Control the safety risks in the process of scientific research experiments from the source, standardize the activities of hazard identification, risk evaluation and risk control of experiments and experimental projects, reduce or eliminate the occurrence of safety accidents in laboratories and experimental projects, ensure the safe and orderly development of scientific research activities, and earnestly safeguard scientific research.unitLaboratory safety and personnel life safety.

2 area of application

This guide is mainly used forLaboratories of scientific research institutes, universities, enterprise R&D institutions and other units.In the process of scientific research and experiment (or experimental project), the possibility of safety accidents and the risk of potential accident consequences are analyzed and evaluated. Experimental safety risk assessment targets include experimental sites, experimental materials and equipment, experimental personnel, experimental operations, preventive measures, emergency plans, etc. Applicable to existing or new experiments and experimental projects involving dangerous chemicals (including controlled chemicals such as toxic chemicals, explosive chemicals and precursor chemicals, etc.), biology, radiation, electromechanical, laser, special equipment and other possible risks; It can also be used to evaluate the safety status of existing experiments and experimental projects.

This guide cannot replace the risk assessment of biological safety and radiation safety. For projects that may have biological safety risks and radiation safety risks, special risk assessment should also be made according to the requirements and provisions of relevant national laws, regulations and norms.

three management responsibility

unitThe main person in charge is the first person in charge of the safety management of scientific research experiments in this unit, and is fully responsible for the risk management and control of experimental safety.In charge of experimentThe leader of safety work is an important responsible person, assisting the first responsible person to be responsible for the safety management of scientific research experiments. The person in charge of the laboratory or the person in charge of the experimental project is directly responsible for the safety management of scientific research experiments, and is responsible for the risk assessment of the risk factors and risk levels of the experiments and experimental projects. unitLaboratory safety function department in conjunction withScientific research management departments organize, inspect, supervise and guide the risk assessment of experimental safety.

Safety risk assessment should be conducted in advance for experiments or experimental projects that may have safety risks. The unit can only approve whether experiments or experimental projects can be carried out after the conclusion of safety risk assessment and the implementation of rectification measures.

four Basic procedure

4.1 Experiment and experimental project, by the project leader to the unit.Laboratory safety function department in conjunction withThe scientific research management department applies for safety risk assessment.

4.2 After receiving the application for safety risk assessment,Laboratory safety function department in conjunction withThe scientific research management department organized a risk assessment team composed of experimenters, managers and safety experts in related fields.,Formulate an evaluation plan.

4.3 The assessment team conducts safety risk analysis, draws assessment conclusions, puts forward suggestions and measures, forms a safety risk assessment report (table), and returns the assessment results to the person in charge of the experiment or experimental project.

4.4The unit shall record the assessment report of the safety risk assessment project that has been approved; For experiments or experimental projects with significant risks, they shall be submitted to the competent business department for review according to the requirements of the competent business department.

4.5 Experiments and experimental projects can only be carried out after examination and approval.

five Evaluation content

The safety risk assessment of experiments and experimental projects mainly includes:

(oneThe types, quantities, characteristics and possible risks of the hazards involved in the experiment.

(2) the satisfaction and conformity of the conditions, facilities, equipment, technology and management personnel of the experimental site.

(three) The scientificity, rationality and operability of experimental scheme design, experimental operation, protective equipment allocation and safety guarantee measures.

(four) safety education, training and access scheme, laboratory safety management system and measures.

(five) emergency plan, the implementation of the safety responsibility system and other matters of preparation.

(six) storage and disposal of experimental wastes.

six Evaluation process

Basic steps: preliminary preparation, identification and analysis of dangerous and harmful factors, selection of evaluation methods, qualitative or quantitative evaluation, putting forward safety countermeasures and suggestions, making evaluation conclusions, and compiling safety risk assessment reports (tables).

6.1 Preparatory stage

The preliminary preparation work includes: defining the evaluation target and scope, setting up an evaluation team, compiling various questionnaires, preparing technical documents (collecting relevant domestic laws, regulations, rules, standards and specifications, etc.), conducting on-the-spot investigation on the basic data of the evaluated object, and conducting on-the-spot investigation and accurately recording the investigation results.

6.1.1 Establish the objectives, scope and principles of risk assessment.

6.1.2 Set up an evaluation team.

6.1.3 Collect relevant information and conduct preliminary investigation and analysis, including:

①Relevant domestic laws, regulations, rules, standards, norms, etc.;②Basic information of the experimental project: the main items involved in the experimental projectexperimentMaterials (including chemicals/Types, quantities, storage methods, physical and chemical properties and hazardous characteristics of reagents, special gases, etc.); Main experimental instruments/Type, quantity and safety protection of equipment (especially special equipment); Experimental steps and operation methods; Measures, conditions and facilities for explosion prevention, fire prevention and poisoning prevention in the experimental site; Qualification and training of laboratory personnel; Safety management system; Emergency plans and drills, etc.;③On-site investigation;④Seek expert advice;⑤Other supplementary information, such as similar safety accident cases.

6.1.4 Develop a risk assessment plan.

The assessment team formulates a risk assessment plan.The contents of the evaluation plan generally include:①Purpose of evaluation;②Evaluation basis;③Evaluation principle;④Scope of assessment;⑤ Division of tasks; ⑥appraisal procedure;⑦Work plan for each stage of risk assessment;⑧Time schedule of implementation.

The risk assessment plan should be issued and implemented by the main person in charge of the unit (or its authorized person in charge)..

If there is too little relevant information, so that the risk assessmentworkWhen it is difficult to carry out, some risk reduction measures can be introduced in a targeted manner to reduce the risk of some key links and simplify the evaluation scheme.

6.2 Evaluation stage  

Carry out analysis and evaluation according to the risk assessment plan. Through hazard identification and analysis, field investigation, and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of hazard factors.

6.2.1 Identification and analysis of dangerous and harmful factors. Identify hazards and various dangerous and harmful factors, identify risks, and analyze and judge the degree of safety risks. Focus on the analysis and listing of dangerous chemicals, experimental procedures and operating methods, the use of special equipment, emergency treatment and other aspects of the dangerous and harmful factors.

6.2.2 Select evaluation method. According to the characteristics of experiments and experimental projects, scientific, reasonable and applicable qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods are selected for overall evaluation and analysis. Capable of quantitative evaluationsuitableUse quantitative evaluation methods, and semi-quantitative or qualitative evaluation methods can be used if quantitative evaluation is not possible. For different experimental stages or links, different evaluation methods can be selected according to the needs of evaluation and the characteristics of experimental links. When necessary, several analysis and evaluation methods can be selected to evaluate the same evaluation object, which are complementary, comprehensive and mutually verified to improve the accuracy of the analysis and evaluation results.

6.2.3 Qualitative or quantitative evaluation. Using the selected evaluation method, combined with field investigation, and referring to the possibility and severity of accidents or acute occupational hazards caused by dangerous and harmful factors in similar experimental activities, qualitative and quantitative evaluation and analysis can be carried out.

6.2.4 Safety countermeasures and suggestions. According to the identification, analysis results and qualitative and quantitative analysis results of dangerous and harmful factors, this paper puts forward targeted safety countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of experimental site conditions, experimental materials and equipment, experimental methods, personnel education and training, emergency response capability and safety management.

6.2.5 Evaluation conclusion.Summarize the evaluation results of experimental materials, instruments and equipment, experimental process (technology), safety management and protective measures; List the experimental itemsThe existing risks, as well as the hazards and hazardous factors that should be mainly prevented and controlled, point out the existing problems, determine the hazard categories, predict the possibility and severity of major accidents, and put forward the key safety countermeasures to be taken.andFeasibility of reducing security risks.

6.3 Prepare safety risk assessment report

refer toAQ 8001See appendix for the format of safety risk assessment report.D.

seven reappraise

experimentScheme orExperiment (technology)If there is any major adjustment in the process.Whole or wholeappearoriginallyMajor safety risks not found during the assessment, the project leadershouldRe-evaluate the safety risk according to the process, and take effective control and preventive measures in time.

(oneRelevant policies, regulations and standards have changed;

(2) After a safety accident or incident;

(threeWhen new equipment, materials, methods, personnel, environment, etc. are changed or the structure and function of the laboratory are changed, including before the tasks performed by the laboratory partition where substances are stored or used are changed; 

(four) change the workflow.

eight Risk grade determination

From high to low, the risk level of experimental safety is divided into major risk (level 1), major risk (level 2), general risk (level 3) andLow risk (level 4) four levels.

Level 1 (red): significant risk. It is extremely dangerous and cannot be carried out.In the experiment, control measures should be supplemented immediately in order to reduce the risk level, and regular inspection, measurement and evaluation should be carried out;

Level 2 (orange): greater risk. High risk, immediate rectification, supplementary control measures, regular inspection, measurement and evaluation;

Level 3 (yellow): general risk. Significant danger, need to be rectified, establish goals, establish operating procedures, and strengthen training and communication;

Level 4 (blue): low risk.lowerDanger, need to pay attention to, improve the control measures in time.

The conclusions obtained by different risk analysis and evaluation methods may be different, so the one with the highest risk level should be selected as the risk level of the project.

Experiments and experimental projects adopt a safety risk classification and classification management mechanism. Effective safety prevention and control measures and emergency plans should be formulated and strictly implemented for experiments and experimental projects with risk level above level 3, and experiments can be carried out only after being examined and confirmed by the unit, and relevant materials should be filed.

According to the relevant national and industrial regulations, norms and standards, the classification of experiments and experimental projects and the division of risk levels are adjusted in a timely manner (see AnnexC）。

Appendix A 

Risk assessment flow chart

 

 

picture1  Risk assessment flow chart

appendixB

 Risk assessment method

 According to the characteristics of experiments and experimental projects, comprehensive analysis, qualitative and quantitative evaluation are generally carried out by using hazard analysis method of working conditions, pre-hazard analysis method, analogy method and checklist analysis method.

(1)Hazard analysis method (LEC)

Hazard analysis method for working conditions (Graham–Ginny method is a semi-quantitative risk assessment method for workers working in occupational hazardous environment. The evaluation principle is: the quantitative risk value of operating conditions (D) depends on three factors, (one) the possibility of an accident (L）； (2) Frequency of exposure of workers to dangerous working environment (E）； (three) The severity of possible consequences in the event of an accident (C）。 Represented by a simplified formula is:D=L×E×C

amongDThe greater the value, the greater the danger of the operation. Danger of working conditionsDSee table for the classification of values.2.

table1  Hazard classification table

L、E、CSee table for the range of the three factors.2, tablethree, tablefour.

table2   L-Accident possibility score

table3   E-Frequency score of exposure to dangerous environment

table4   C-Consequence score caused by accident

 

(2) Pre-hazard analysisway

Pre-hazard analysis (PHA) is a system safety analysis method that makes a macro and general analysis of various risk factors (categories and distributions), occurrence conditions and possible consequences of accidents in the system before an activity (such as an experiment). Its purpose is to find the potential risk factors of the system at an early stage, determine the risk level of the system, and put forward corresponding preventive measures to prevent these risk factors from developing into accidents and avoid thoughtlessness.The losses caused are qualitative evaluation. That is to say, discuss, analyze and determine the dangerous and harmful factors existing in the system, their triggering conditions and phenomena, the causes and events that caused the accident, the accident types, the accident consequences and the danger level, and put forward the safety precautions that should be taken.

(one) Pre-hazard analysis step

① Fully investigate the purpose, process, operating conditions and surrounding environment of the experiment;

② Collect past experience and accidents in similar experiments, judge whether similar situations will occur in the objects to be analyzed, and find out the dangers that can cause material losses and personal injuries;

③ Determine the hazard source according to experience, technical diagnosis and other methods;

④ Identify the conditions of dangerous transformation and study the trigger conditions of dangerous factors transforming into accidents;

⑤ Carry out risk classification, determine the degree of risk, and find out the dangerous sources that should be controlled emphatically;

⑥ Formulate risk prevention measures.

(2) risk classification

PHAThe result of the analysis is expressed by the risk grade. Danger can be divided into four grades, as shown in table.five.

tablefive  Hazard classification table

(three) evaluation results

Pre-risk assessment analysis adopts the following tabular form (Tablesix) Submit the results.

table6  Hazard pre-analysis table (sample table)

 

(four) analysis summary

Through the pre-risk assessment and analysis, the main risks and risk grades of experiments or experimental projects are obtained.

For all kinds of possible dangers and harmful factors, preliminary preventive countermeasures and measures are put forward one by one in the risk pre-analysis table.

(3) analogy method

Through the safety investigation of the same or similar projects as the experimental projects to be evaluated, and the analysis of relevant experimental documents and technical data, it is proposed to evaluate the types and degree of hazards and harmful factors of the experimental projects by analogy, assess the possible hazards and harmful factors, and predict the control effect of the proposed safety protection measures.

(4) Checklist analysis method

According to the national laws, regulations, technical specifications and standards related to occupational safety and health, as well as operating procedures and production safety accident cases, through detailed analysis and research on the experimental items to be evaluated, the inspection units, parts, items, contents and requirements are listed, and a table is compiled to check the compliance one by one to determine the safety problems, defects and potential hazards of the experimental items to be evaluated.

appendixC

Classification and risk level of experiments and experimental projects

 

1. According to the characteristics of hazardous sources involved in experiments and experimental projects, they can be divided into six categories: chemistry, biology, radiation, electromechanical, special equipment and others from the perspective of safety.

(a) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving chemical reactions and chemicals belong to the chemical category. The main hazards areExplosive,Flammable and explosive,be poisonedSexual, corrosive and other dangers.chemistryProduct.

(two) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving microorganisms and experimental animals belong to the biological category. The main hazards are microorganisms (infectious disease pathogens, etc.), animals and other biological factors that endanger the safety of individuals or groups.

(3) Experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving radioactive sources and radiation devices are classified as radiation. The main hazard source is radioactive material.

(four) experimental sites (or experimental items) involving mechanical, electrical, high temperature and high pressure equipment and instruments.Item) belongs to electromechanical category. The main hazards are machining high-speed equipment and high-speed equipment.electricityPressure and high current equipment, excitationOptical equipment, heating equipment, etc.

(five) experimental sites (or experimental projects) involving lifting machinery, boilers and pressure vessels (including gas cylinders) belong to special equipment. The main hazard source is the equipment itself, and the lifting machinery may cause heavy objects falling, crane instability, tilting, squeezing, falling from a height and other hazards; Boiler may cause material failure, explosion or leakage due to overtemperature and overpressure, resulting in mechanical damage, scald and other hazards; The pressure vessel may cause explosion or gas leakage and other hazards due to thermal overpressure, mechanical damage and unqualified pressure reducing valve.

(six) experimental sites (or experimental projects) that do not involve the above-mentioned hazard sources belong to other categories. The main hazard source is the safety risk of electricity and water caused by facilities and equipment such as electricity and water.

Second, according to the hazards used in the experiment.(experimental materials, instruments and equipment, etc.)The degree of danger,And whether a large number of dangerous experimental materials are stored in the experimental site,The experimental safety risk levels of experiments and experimental projects are divided into four levels from high to low: major risk (level I, red), major risk (level II, orange), general risk (level III, yellow) and low risk (level IV, blue).

(a) involving the use ofExplosives, spontaneous combustion,Inflammable and explosivewait forDangerous chemicals with physical hazards, andHighly toxic and easy to make drugs.Easy to explode, narcotics and psychotropic substancesControl chemicals or drugs, etc.Highly pathogenic microorganisms, radioactive sources, etc.; Or a large number of dangerous chemicals or controlled drugs are stored on site than the experimental requirements.It is a first-class safety risk experiment and experimental project.

(two) involving the use of other dangerous chemicals, low pathogenic microorganisms, experimental animals, pressure vessels, laser equipment, strong magnetic equipment, etc., for the second-level safety risk experiments and experimental projects.

(3) It involves the use of hoisting machinery, high-speed equipment, rotary machinery, cold and hot equipment (refrigerators, ovens, muffle furnaces, etc.), high-power charging and discharging devices, high-voltage equipment, etc., and is a three-level safety risk experiment and experimental project.

(4) Experiments or experimental projects not listed in the above three categories are four-level safety risk experiments and experimental projects.

Three, the above division of experimental safety risk level, after the experimental materials, equipment, experimental technology, operation methods, personnel qualifications, environmental conditions,Protective measures, etcAfter the comprehensive risk assessment of factors, if the risk degree increases, it should be adjusted according to the comprehensive assessment results.Experimental safety risk level of experiments and experimental projects.
appendixD Compilation format of safety risk assessment report

 

××××××Experimental safety risk assessment report

I. Overview of experimental projects

one. Brief introduction of experimental project

2. Purpose of evaluation

three. Evaluation basis

four. Scope of risk assessment

five. Risk assessment method

Second, the experimental process (process) introduction

Third, hazard identification.Identification and analysis

Fourth, qualitative and quantitative evaluation

one. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation

2. assessment result

V. Safety countermeasures and suggestions

one. Put forward targeted safety countermeasures and measures.

2. Supplementary suggestion

VI. Conclusion of Safety Risk Assessment

 

××××××Experimental safety risk assessment form

Instructions for filling in the form:

1.Please fill in the corresponding column when the laboratory does not involve dangerous sources.“without"; When the form is not enough, please add it yourself.

2.This report is made in triplicate, one for the project leader, the secondary unit and the competent business department, and the copy is valid.

riverIssued by the Office of Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province on September 13, 2022

Attachment:Notice on printing and distributing guidelines for risk assessment of scientific experiments

　　Since the beginning of November, the season has turned into winter, and the temperature is getting lower and lower. Winter is the season of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. If it is cold late this year and it may be a warm winter, respiratory infectious diseases will be more popular, which will be a severe test for everyone.

　　The best way to deal with the endless stream of pathogenic bacteria is to strengthen the body’s own resistance. Improving nutritional status is one of the important measures.

　　Many studies have found that the lack of vitamin A and vitamin D is related to poor resistance to various infectious diseases. People who lack these two vitamins will have a greater risk of severe mycoplasma pneumonia, and the risk of severe illness in Covid-19 will also increase. Especially for children and the elderly, the resistance is relatively low, so we should be more careful about the insufficient intake of these nutrients.

　　Vitamin A is an important anti-inflammatory vitamin.

　　Vitamin A is beneficial to improve the mechanism of resisting virus infection, including strengthening immune response, inhibiting inflammatory response and promoting mucosal repair.

　　Several studies have found that in patients infected with Covid-19, the plasma vitamin A level will be significantly reduced (viral infection consumes vitamin A in the body), and this lack of vitamin A will promote the release of more pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-6 and IL-1β And TNF-α And so on, thus increasing inflammatory indexes such as C-reactive protein.

　　Studies have found that vitamin A supplementation has effectively improved Covid-19’s infection, and fever, body pain, weakness and fatigue are not so serious, and the white blood cell count and the level of C- reactive protein have also decreased.

　　Some studies have also found that patients with low levels of vitamin A have a heavier disease score and a greater risk of hospitalization.

　　Poor vitamin A will increase the risk of severe mycoplasma pneumonia in children.

　　In addition, it has been found from previous studies that vitamin A malnutrition will increase the risk of severe mycoplasma pneumonia in children. Children with low serum vitamin A levels are more likely to suffer from severe mycoplasma pneumonia. Vitamin A supplementation can effectively reduce the risk of severe mycoplasma pneumonia. In a word, vitamin A has an important contribution to fight infection.

　　The risk of pneumonia and tracheitis will also increase when vitamin D is deficient.

　　Numerous studies have confirmed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risk of infection, severe illness and death in Covid-19. Recently, it has been suggested that the level of serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D is related to the severity of mycoplasma pneumonia and the level of inflammatory factors, and to the risk of bronchial mucus embolism.

　　A variety of acute respiratory diseases are related to viruses, including coronavirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, etc. In children lacking vitamin D, the infection rate of these diseases will increase. In addition, when vitamin D is deficient, the risk of severe pneumonia and tracheitis will also increase. The summary analysis of 25 studies supports the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and acute respiratory infectious diseases.

　　How to check whether vitamin A and vitamin D are insufficient?

　　Think about it. Is it possible for you and your family to have insufficient vitamin A and vitamin D?

　　Check vitamin a first.

　　If you and your family seldom eat:

　　— — Orange vegetables (carrots, pumpkins, etc.)

　　— — Orange-yellow fruits (such as papaya, mango, citrus, etc.)

　　— — Orange-yellow potatoes (sweet potatoes with orange flesh)

　　— — Dark green vegetables (such as spinach, broccoli, kale, rape, etc.)

　　— — Whole milk (including whole yogurt and cheese) or butter.

　　— — Egg yolk (including egg yolk of eggs, duck eggs, quail eggs, goose eggs, etc.)

　　— — Various animal livers (chicken liver, duck liver, goose liver, pig liver, sheep liver, etc.)

　　— — Fatty marine fish (such as saury, sardine, salmon, etc.)

　　Then it is easier to lack vitamin A, because they are all sources of vitamin A. Even if you eat 1 egg yolk and 1 cup of whole milk every day, the vitamin A you get is still far from reaching the standard. If there are symptoms that the skin and eyes are easy to dry, or you can’t see things clearly at night, it is more likely that there is a lack of vitamin A.

　　Check vitamin d again.

　　If you and your family:

　　— — You can’t wear short sleeves and exercise in the sun for half an hour every day.

　　— — The exposed parts of the skin are covered with sunscreen.

　　— — Wear sun protection clothes, hats or umbrellas whenever you see the sun.

　　Then you can’t get vitamin D from sunlight, which is the most natural and main source of vitamin D.

　　If you and your family:

　　— — Do not eat animal liver and kidney.

　　— — Don’t eat much egg yolk, whole milk and cream.

　　— — Fatty marine fish are seldom eaten.

　　Then food-derived vitamin D is also difficult to obtain, because they are the main sources of vitamin D. Even if you eat 1 egg yolk and 1 cup of whole milk every day, the vitamin D you get is still far from reaching the standard.

　　How to eat three meals to increase the intake of these two vitamins?

　　How to eat enough of these two vitamins? It’s very simple. Just follow the food suggested by the above self-examination.

　　Here is a suggestion for three meals that can increase the supply of vitamin A and vitamin D:

　　breakfast

　　Have a cup of whole milk and an egg with yolk. It is best to add 100 grams of small oranges, oranges, mangoes, papaya and other orange fruits. If people are not fat and their triglyceride and cholesterol levels are normal, two slices of cheese can be used instead of whole milk.

　　lunch

　　Eat animal liver twice a week, fried, boiled or marinated. For example, salted duck liver, stewed pig liver and fried chicken liver are all delicious. Add at least 100 grams of dark green vegetables, such as broccoli and Chinese cabbage.

　　dinner

　　Eat a piece of steamed pumpkin, or steamed sweet potato with red hearts, or a dish with fried carrots, and add at least 100 grams of dark green vegetables. Eat fatty marine fish twice a week, such as saury, spring fish and sardines.

　　Although there may be excessive problems after taking multivitamin A supplements, it is very safe to eat more orange and green fruits and vegetables and take carotene. Even if you eat too much carrots and your skin turns a little yellow, it will gradually fade if you stop.

　　However, increasing vitamin D mainly depends on sun exposure. If you make up from food, you may consume too much cholesterol, which is more difficult for people with hyperlipidemia.

　　In winter, the simple way to increase vitamin D is to bask in the back: when the sun is fine and there is no wind, open the window and let the sun shine directly on the bare back skin (it won’t be cold, and the whole body will start to heat up after a few minutes of sunbathing).

　　Because the area of the back is relatively large, drying the back can effectively increase vitamin D, and there is no need to worry about tanning the face or increasing wrinkles. Sunbathing won’t cause vitamin D poisoning.

　　How to avoid excessive poisoning by supplementing vitamin A and vitamin D?

　　The best way is to ask a nutritionist or registered dietitian to help you confirm whether the dose is appropriate.

　　However, we have to know the basic knowledge ourselves. Vitamin A in human body includes three forms: retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid. Retinol can be converted into retinaldehyde (maintaining normal vision in dark light) and retinoic acid (maintaining normal immunity and children’s growth and development), but retinoic acid cannot be converted back to retinol.

　　Generally speaking, vitamin A in supplements is retinol, or retinol ester. At the same time, there are also carotene supplements, which can be turned into vitamin A in the body. However, for infants and some people with weak digestive ability, the conversion efficiency of carotene is relatively low, and the effect of vitamin A supplementation is not good.

　　Therefore, the source of vitamin A = retinol (ester)+carotene. In order to unify the two sources, "retinol equivalent" is often used to represent the total amount in food.

　　According to China’s nutrient reference intake standard, the daily vitamin A supplement should not exceed 3000 retinol equivalents (10000 international units), and the vitamin D supplement should not exceed 50 micrograms (2000 international units). Unless there is a doctor’s prescription, a larger dose can be used for treatment. The amount of vitamin supplements usually does not exceed the limit, but if you take more than one vitamin supplement at the same time, you need to look carefully to see if the combined amount will be too much.

　　In short, we must take good care of ourselves and our families when respiratory infectious diseases are high at the end of the year. It is important not to stay up late, go to bed early, keep a good mood, exercise moderately and eat enough nutrition. In addition to vitamin C, which people pay more attention to, vitamin A and vitamin D, two easily overlooked anti-infective nutrients, must also eat enough!

　　Text/Fan Zhihong (director of China Nutrition Society, chief expert of science communication hired by China Association for Science and Technology)

The configuration performance of is a point that consumers pay more attention to. Let’s take a good look at it.

First of all, from the appearance, the front face of Extreme Yue 01 looks very personal and unforgettable. Coupled with headlights, the shape is very eye-catching. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light and so on. Come to the side of the car, the car body size is 4853MM*1990MM*1611MM, the car uses solid lines, the car body looks very unique, with large-sized thick-walled tires, it looks full of sports. In the rear part, the overall shape of the rear of the Extreme Yue 01 echoes the front face, and the taillights give people a very deep feeling, which is relatively calm on the whole.

In terms of interior, the interior looks very unique and the visual effect is quite unique. The steering wheel of the car is very in line with the interior style, and it is made of imitation leather, giving people an impulse to control it. From the central control point of view, the car is equipped with a touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior style impressive and looks very concise. Finally, let’s look at the dashboard and seats. The dashboard design is remarkable and looks strong in technology. The car adopts genuine leather/imitation leather mixed seats, and is equipped with functions such as auxiliary seat with memory electric adjustment, seat with memory electric adjustment, and seat proportion tilting, which further improves the comfort of drivers and passengers.

Extreme Yue 01 matched gearbox, the acceleration time of 100 kilometers is 3.8s, and the power meets the daily use completely OK.

The space of the trunk of the Super Yue 01 is quite satisfactory. If some large objects need to be installed, the rear seats also support proportional reclining, which is enough for home use. At the same time, the car is equipped with fatigue warning, anti-lock braking (ABS), LED daytime running lights, brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.), brake force distribution (EBD) main driver airbag, co-pilot airbag, side airbag curtain, front side airbag and other safety configurations.

The Extreme Yue 01 introduced today is not only eye-catching in space, but also has reached the mainstream level in various configurations, and there is nothing to be picky about driving experience and space experience. If you are also considering this car, you might as well go to the store to experience it at the weekend.

Shanghai securities news, a well-known domestic securities media, once described Xiaomi eco-chain enterprises in "Xiaomi Department": Real Bottleneck and Fantasy Valuation ":

1) Eco-chain enterprises are more like the OEM departments of Xiaomi’s product lines than independent operations;

2) Although the relevant founder is the largest shareholder, the actual control right behind the complicated shareholding structure still belongs to Lei Jun;

3) The high related party transactions make Xiaomi Eco-chain Company and Xiaomi more like a "family".

Since it is a "family", it is common to leverage each other for common development; But once the dependence is formed, it greatly increases the difficulty of capitalization.

As the largest ecological chain group in China, Lei Jun and many enterprises in its Xiaomi ecological chain once dreamed of going to the distant capital market. Now, they have to face the cold reality because the regulators are not stupid.

More than 20 days ago, the proposal of all-magic acoustic backdoor under Xiaomi Ecological Chain was rejected by CSRC, and the right and wrong of Xiaomi Ecological Chain and the ultimate trend of Xiaomi Empire were once again put before the public.

There are two main audit opinions of the M&A Committee of CSRC:

1) The company’s disclosure that the actual controller of Wanmo Acoustics has not changed in recent three years is not sufficient;

2) The sales and profit sources of Wanmo Acoustics are highly dependent on related parties.

If you don’t quite understand the meaning of these two sentences, then compare them with the three descriptions of shanghai securities news above.

In fact, this seemingly dull veto has dealt a fatal blow to Lei Jun and Xiaomi’s eco-chain, and also intuitively demonstrated many business dilemmas of eco-chain enterprises pointed out by the Shanghai Stock Exchange in its report:

Single product structure, serious related party transactions, lack of independent pricing power, excessive dependence of brands and channels on Xiaomi, and doubts about the stability of ownership structure …

The Shanghai Stock Exchange pointed out that "from the business, it is increasingly difficult for eco-chain enterprises and Xiaomi to be independent of each other; From the perspective of capital market rules, eco-chain enterprises may not be listed separately. " If Xiaomi is listed on the A-share market, it will face the problem of related party transactions, and the listing of eco-chain enterprises will face the question of independence.

Serious financial contact interviewed relevant people of Xiaomi Group, and no reply was received as of press time.

01

The backdoor is denied, whose magic acoustics?

The first reason why the CSRC vetoed the backdoor of Wanmo Acoustics is:The company’s disclosure that the actual controller of Wanmo Acoustics has not changed in the past three years is not sufficient.

Translate this sentence as follows:Tell me honestly, who is the boss of Wanmo Acoustics?

In fact, the matter itself is not complicated.

According to the equity change report disclosed by electroacoustic, Wanmo Acoustics was established in October 2013. In December 2016, Xiaomi began to invest in Wanmo Acoustics, mainly producing Xiaomi piston headphones for Xiaomi OEM.

Up to now, Gary Hsieh holds 20.9408% equity of Wanmo Acoustics by adding Hong Kong, HKmore, Wanmo Guanxing, Wanmo Yingren, Wanmo Renju, Wanmo Shuntian and Wanmo Hengqing, and is the actual controller of Wanmo Acoustics on paper.

According to the inquiry announcement, in the historical shareholding change of Wanmo Acoustics, People Better Limited once became the largest shareholder of the company, with a shareholding ratio of 33.32% and a majority of the board seats. The CSRC asked it to supplement whether the actual controller of the company has changed.

In this regard, Wanmo Acoustics replied that the change in shareholding ratio is only the adjustment of the red-chip structure, and the financial investors do not participate in the actual operation, and the actual controller has always been Gary Hsieh. However, supervision is still in doubt.

Why do regulators cling to this issue?

According to the understanding and application of Article 12 of the Measures for the Administration of Initial Public Offering and Listing of Stocks —— Opinions on the Application of Securities and Futures Law No.1 (Zheng Jian Zi [2007] No.15, hereinafter referred to as Opinions on the Application of Securities and Futures Law No.1), the CSRC defines the company’s control right as:

(Source: Official Document of CSRC)

Generally speaking, the identification of the actual controller is based on the principle of "substance is more important than form" and combined with the specific analysis of individual cases.

There are two unavoidable problems:

1) Is the big boss of the company Xiaomi or Gary Hsieh? This is related to the change of ownership structure.

2) Who has the final say in the actual operation of Wanmo? Is it the millet that hatched it, or Gary Hsieh?

According to the description of the absorbed party in the electro-acoustic absorption scheme, People Better Limited was once the largest shareholder of Wanmo Acoustics and held a majority of seats. According to public information,People Better Limited is a subsidiary of Xiaomi Technology Co., Ltd., and the actual controller of Xiaomi Technology is Lei Jun.

(Source: A total of electroacoustic history announcements)

Shunwei, another shareholder of Wanmo Acoustics, Xu Dalai is the actual controller and the former non-executive director of Xiaomi Technology, but as we all know, Lei Jun is the big boss of Shunwei Capital.

(Source: Historical Announcement)

Back to July 31st, 2017, Xiaomi’s People Better Limited and Shunwei TMT(HongKong) Limited invested 16,611,600 yuan and 10,509,300 yuan respectively, holding 33.22% and 21.02% of the shares, with a total holding of 54.24%, and the proper largest shareholder plus the actual controller.

(Source: A total of electroacoustic history announcements)

After several rounds of capital increase and equity transfer,Up to now, the shareholding ratios of People Better Limited and Shunwei TMT(HongKong) Limited are 11.15% and 7.19% respectively, making a total of 18.34%, second only to Gary Hsieh’s 20.9408%.

What is the inner feeling behind the arrangement and change of this ownership structure? Is there a proxy? As a result, Gary Hsieh is only the nominal actual controller? After the evaluation benchmark date announced in the draft merger plan, People Better Limited and Shunwei TMT(HongKong) Limited continued to reduce their shareholding ratio. What is the purpose?

The answers to these questions are the core of the regulatory authorities’ continuous questioning of the actual controller of Wanmo Acoustics.

02

Business dependence and related party transactions rely on Xiaomi to make money?

Regarding the second question that the CSRC is concerned about:The sales and profit sources of Wanmo Acoustics are highly dependent on related parties.This problem is also unavoidable for any party.

Backed by Xiaomi’s powerful channels and traffic, the compound growth rate of Wanmo Acoustics revenue in the past three years is as high as 47%.

However, this performance growth has also caused Wanmo Acoustics to rely on Xiaomi’s performance.

During the reporting period, the sales proportion of the top five customers of Wanmo Acoustics in 2016 -2018 was 86.01%, 83.17% and 83.54% respectively. Among them, Xiaomi Group is a related party and the company’s largest customer, with sales accounting for 59.45%, 64.24% and 60.12% respectively.

You can understand that if there is no Xiaomi, the performance of Wanmo Acoustics will collapse by at least half.

Moreover, such high correlation and dependence also lead to the lack of autonomy in sales channels and product pricing of Wanmo Acoustics:

• Wanmo Acoustics sells Xiaomi ODM products to Xiaomi Communication according to the cost price, but the cost audit is checked by Xiaomi Communication;

• Wanmo Acoustics does not have the independent right to set the retail price of Xiaomi ODM products. The products are sold by Xiaomi according to the fair market price, and the profit is divided into 50%.

It is this dependence and lack of relative autonomy in the main business that determines profits that makes Wanmo’s profitability lower than that of similar companies.

According to the report of Securities Market Weekly, the historical data of Wanmo Acoustics shows that,The gross profit margin of ODM headphones is 23.89% to 27.56%, while that of OBM (private brand) headphones is 33.59% to 38.14%.

In the case that ODM accounts for more than half of the revenue (57.65% in the first half of 2019), most of the surplus value of Wanmo acoustic products is "deprived" by downstream customers, namely Xiaomi.

Business dependence, related party transactions, combined with the CSRC’s questioning of the actual controller of Wanmo Acoustics, it is not difficult for us to understand the real intention of the regulatory authorities to be so cautious.

Behind this is actually a cliche:Why do regulators attach so much importance to related party transactions?

Due to the sales and purchases with related parties, there may be accommodation or even fraud in terms of price, payment method and account period. A large proportion of related party transactions will distort the company’s financial data, which is not conducive to investors’ accurate judgment. At the same time, there are risks such as interest transfer, which is likely to damage the interests of listed companies and thus the interests of investors.

In order to protect the interests of investors, especially small and medium-sized investors, the regulatory authorities are particularly strict in the disclosure management of related party transactions.

However, as an independent enterprise, Wanmo Acoustics is not convincing enough in its sustainable management ability and independence.

03

Capitalization is difficult. Is the label "Xiaomi" an assist or an obstacle?

The problem of magic acoustics is also common in Xiaomi ecological chain enterprises:

1) The adjustment of ownership structure has experienced the changes in equity process from Xiaomi Holdings to Xiaomi’s shareholding;

2) In terms of business structure, Xiaomi is both a related party and the largest customer.

According to the report of Shanghai Stock Exchange, Huami Technology also has the same subtle equity arrangement as Wanmo Acoustics. According to its prospectus, the company’s largest single shareholder is Huami CEO Huang Wang, holding 39.4% of the shares; Shunwei Capital holds 20.4%, and Xiaomi’s fund People Better limited holds 19.3%. Shunwei Capital and Xiaomi are controlled by Lei Jun.. Therefore, although Huang Wang is the largest natural person shareholder, Lei Jun’s consolidated shareholding ratio is 39.7%, which has surpassed Huang Wang.

In addition, judging from the disclosed prospectus, the performance of Huami also reflects that Xiaomi is highly dependent on the eco-chain company: in the first three quarters of 2015, 2016 and 2017, the revenue contributed by mi band to Huami Technology was 870 million yuan, 1.434 billion yuan and 1.068 billion yuan respectively, accounting for 97.1%, 92.1% and 82.4% of Huami Technology’s revenue in the same period.

Coincidentally, Roborock, another typical enterprise of Xiaomi Eco-chain, also experienced repeated inquiries and verification by the regulatory authorities before listing in science and technology innovation board.

According to the prospectus, Roborock’s gross profit margin in recent three years was 19.21%, 21.64% and 28.79% respectively, while Cobos’s gross profit margin remained at around 36%. In terms of splitting, the gross profit margin of its own brand products is 42.06% higher than that of Cobos, but the gross profit margin of "Mijia Robot" produced for Xiaomi is 14.99%, which lowers the average gross profit of the company.

In addition, there are ten business risks related to Xiaomi’s cooperation mode in the prospectus, involving a large number of related transactions, ODM business dependence, foundry selection and so on.

It can be seen that the two fatal problems of the rejection of Wanmo Acoustics also exist in Roborock and Huami Science and Technology.

Looking back on the development of Xiaomi’s ecological chain, Xiaomi and the ecological chain company have achieved mutual success.

Starting from Xiaomi itself, the products of these eco-chain enterprises support the high efficiency of Xiaomi’s offline channels and greatly share the operating costs of offline stores; As for the "world’s largest intelligent hardware IOT platform" planned by Lei Jun for Xiaomi, the mobile phone is only one of the terminals, and the "data" and "control" of products of a number of eco-chain enterprises are also the core of the platform.

To this end, Xiaomi’s approach is:Investing in eco-chain companies, splitting the product departments that should exist into eco-chain companies, and finally making Xiaomi’s shareholding equal to that of the founders of eco-chain companies through ingenious equity design, thus achieving the status quo of controlling these eco-chain companies and seemingly "independent".

According to this capital path, "eco-chain enterprises" will be listed independently, and Xiaomi will convert the business income of its multi-product lines into investment income. At the same time, there will be a number of listed companies in the whole system of Xiaomi, which will open up new space for the capital operation of Xiaomi.

This is the capital imagination of Xiaomi and its ecological chain.

But in the process of capitalization, the disadvantages of ecological chain are gradually emerging:

• Eco-chain enterprises are more like the OEM departments of Xiaomi’s product lines. They have no independent pricing power and product autonomy. Their own brand channels and capital are weaker than the OEM model, and their independent operation is doubtful.
• In terms of shareholding structure, although the relevant founder is the largest shareholder. However, tracing back to the actual control right behind the complex ownership structure, there are Lei Jun or Xiaomi, and problems such as A-shares and related party transactions cannot be avoided.

From this perspective, the independent development of eco-chain enterprises may be a good wish from the beginning.

THE END

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Many people have been driving for a long time, but when it comes to how to use the hand-to-hand integrated mode, I am afraid that many drivers are still at a loss, and even some people have not really understood how this function works after driving for a long time. Hand-to-hand integration is actually a very practical driving mode, but if it is not used correctly, the car may behave very stiff in some cases and even affect the driving experience.

The automatic manual mode is actually a manual switching mode in an automatic transmission vehicle, which allows the driver to manually control the gear as needed. In this mode, the driver can adjust the gear according to the driving demand on the basis of automatic gear, which not only retains the convenience of automatic gear, but also enjoys the sense of control of manual gear. Therefore, this design satisfies the car owners who like to drive easily and want to feel in control to a certain extent.

In the process of driving, we often encounter some special road conditions, such as uphill and downhill or scenes of rapid acceleration and deceleration. At this time, relying solely on automatic transmission, the car may not respond quickly enough or accurately enough. At this time, it needs to be adjusted through the automatic manual mode. Take uphill as an example. When you encounter a long uphill section, the vehicle may frequently shift gears in automatic transmission mode, which will affect the smoothness and efficiency of power output. However, if switching to manual mode, the driver can choose the appropriate gear according to the gradient and speed, so as to ensure the stability of power output and avoid the trouble of automatic gear jumping back and forth.

Regarding the specific operation of the automatic manual mode, many drivers have not actually read the vehicle manual carefully. Generally, there will be a sign of "+"and "-"next to the lever of automatic transmission, which is the control method of manual mode. When you push "+",it is equivalent to an upshift, while pushing "-"is a downshift. The key point of this operation is to pay attention to the matching of vehicle speed and speed. When operating in manual mode, many novice drivers habitually shift gears at will, but they don’t pay attention to the speed, which will lead to a sense of frustration in the car and even affect the life of the engine.

Manual-automatic integration mode can also play a great role in high-speed driving. For example, when you need to overtake quickly, in automatic transmission mode, the vehicle often needs time to judge whether to upshift or downshift, which will lead to a delay in dynamic response. If you use manual mode at this time and downshift one or two gears in advance, the engine speed can be rapidly increased, giving the vehicle greater power output, and overtaking will become smoother and safer.

In the same way, when you encounter downhill, the automatic manual mode can also help you control the speed better. In the process of downhill for a long time, many car owners only rely on the brakes to control the speed, which not only makes the brakes overheat, but also increases the risk of the vehicle losing control. If you switch to manual mode and use a lower gear to brake the engine, the speed will be easier to control, reduce the dependence on the brake and protect the brake system.

The manual-automatic integration mode is not only useful in specific road conditions, but also provides more driving pleasure in daily driving. For example, some old drivers like to use manual mode in urban congested sections, which can avoid the unsmooth feeling caused by frequent shifting gears of automatic gears at low speed. Manual control makes the car more stable at low speed without any setback. For some car owners who pursue driving pleasure, the automatic manual mode is an important function, which can provide more sense of vehicle control in curves and complex road conditions.

However, although the hand-to-self integration model has many advantages, we should also pay attention to avoid some common misunderstandings. Many novice drivers think that the operation in manual mode is similar to that in automatic transmission, and frequent upshifts do not take into account the speed matching, which will easily lead to excessive engine load, increase fuel consumption and even damage the gearbox and engine. Therefore, it is suggested that the vehicle tachometer should be observed every time it is operated, and the rotation speed should be kept within a reasonable range, usually between 2000 and 3000 revolutions, which can ensure the power output without increasing the burden on the engine.

In some sports cars or high-performance cars, the automatic manual mode will be used more frequently. For example, many models of BMW, Audi, Mercedes-Benz and other brands are equipped with shift paddles. This design is to allow drivers to shift gears quickly without leaving the steering wheel, and improve the operability and safety of driving. On these models, the design of the manual-automatic integration mode is not only to make the vehicle feel more controlled, but also one of the keys to improve the vehicle performance. Especially in some track driving or highways, the intervention of manual mode can make the power of the vehicle more directly transmitted to the wheels, so that the driver can control the state of the vehicle at any time.

In addition, when driving in the manual mode, we should pay attention to a common detail, that is, when it is most appropriate to switch to the manual mode. Usually, if you are just driving in an ordinary city, you can completely rely on the automatic transmission system, and its logic can cope with daily traffic conditions well. When you encounter more complicated road conditions or need a better sense of control, the hand-to-body mode can come in handy. The timing of switching manual mode should not be too early or too late. The best way is to switch it a little before you need to operate, such as before going uphill and overtaking.

Of course, the automatic manual mode is not suitable for frequent use by every car. For example, some old automatic transmission models may not be as smart as the latest gearbox technology, and they are not smooth enough to use. And some new models, especially those equipped with dual-clutch gearbox, tend to be more smooth and efficient in the manual-to-automatic mode. Therefore, before using it, you should also choose whether to use it frequently according to the actual situation of your car.

Sometimes, drivers will encounter some specific problems, such as the lack of power or the increase of fuel consumption after driving for a long time. At this time, many people will ignore the role of the automatic manual mode. In fact, through the rational use of manual mode, the power output of the vehicle can be made more linear, and the efficiency of the automatic transmission system can be avoided due to frequent gear shifting, which is also a common skill of old drivers. Hand-to-hand integration mode is not only to deal with special road conditions, but also to provide you with a better driving experience in many driving scenarios.

Therefore, although the hand-to-self integration mode seems complicated, mastering the correct operation method will not only make you more handy in daily driving, but also effectively improve driving safety and vehicle service life. Only by mastering the speed, choosing the gear reasonably and knowing the performance characteristics of your own vehicle can you really give full play to the advantages of the automatic manual mode.

For many old drivers, the mode of hand-to-hand integration is not only a sign of technical improvement, but also a manifestation of driving pleasure. I hope that every car owner can enjoy a smoother, safer and more enjoyable driving experience in daily driving by mastering the manual-automatic mode.

The pictures and materials quoted in this article are all from the online public platform. If there are any irregularities, please let us know so that we can correct them in time. Thank you very much for your support and concern! If there are any shortcomings, please forgive me and point out, and look forward to your attention and company! I wish you all the best!

　　　CCTV News(Reporter, Wang Jiazu, Li Wenliang, Wang Xiaoying, Gao Yuting, Intern, Qi Chenji) "It has always been suggested that there are no cars nearby." This is a common feeling among many citizens who choose to ride online recently. Even during off-peak hours, it is not easy to take a taxi, and "the time to call a car has become longer" is becoming the norm in many cities.

　　Data from Didi Chuxing shows that the difficulty of hailing a taxi in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen has increased to varying degrees. In June this year, the difficulty of morning and evening peak taxi hailing in four places increased by 12.4%, 17.7%, 13.2% and 22.5% respectively compared with the same period last year. In Beijing, after the implementation of the new policy of online car-hailing, the passenger order of online car-hailing platforms fell by about 10%.

　　A year after the implementation of the new policy on online car-hailing, there are various signs that the previously surprising golden period of online car-hailing development is rapidly coming to an end. In some cities, online car-hailing is difficult to get, and drivers must increase their fares to accept orders. And the behavior of traditional taxis such as refusal and bargaining has not been significantly improved by the legalization of online car-hailing.

　　What’s wrong with the online car-hailing market, and how should it be managed? Can returning to "taxi-hailing difficulty" make relevant departments reflect on the new policy?

A citizen uses a taxi app to get a ride in Xidan, Beijing. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei

　　Online taxi: "There are no cars available nearby"

　　On July 27, 2016, the Ministry of Transport and seven ministries jointly promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Booking Taxi Business Services (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures"). China became the first country in the world to recognize the legal status of online car-hailing nationwide. Subsequently, detailed implementation rules have been issued in various parts of China. According to media statistics, 133 cities have announced new policies on online car-hailing.

　　Recently, CCTV reporters visited the online car-hailing market in many cities in China and found that the number of online car-hailing has decreased significantly since the implementation of the New Deal for more than a year, making it difficult to take a taxi.

　　From August 19th to 22nd, the reporter tried to play Didi Express at different times and locations in Beijing for three consecutive days. Only around 10 am on the 19th, a driver took the order at Chaoyangmen Subway Station in Chaoyang District and came within two minutes. The rest of the time, such as the morning peak on the 21st, at Landianchang South Road, Haidian District, the order with Didi Express has always been displayed as "no car available nearby"; at 7 pm on the 22nd, at the south of Hangkong Bridge, Didi Express also displayed "no car available nearby".

　　At the same time in Jinan, Shandong Province, the reporter used Didi to take a taxi many times with only one success. At 7:30 am on the 22nd, Yanzi West Road, with Didi to call an order, no one took the order twice in a row, showing "no car available nearby". At around 8 o’clock, there was still no one taking the order at the intersection of Ping and Shandong University, which also showed "no car available nearby". In addition, the reporter also found in real time in many other areas that the mobile phone client side showed that the express train "There are fewer vehicles nearby and the waiting time is long". Only at 3 pm on the 22nd, the reporter used Didi to call a taxi near Qianfoshan Hospital in Shandong Province.

　　At around 3:00 pm on August 24, the reporter used Didi Taxi to book a taxi in Anning District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, and tried three times without anyone taking the order. Then he used Didi Express four times, each time at an interval of 5 minutes, and still no one answered. Most of the time, the map showed that there were no vehicles nearby.

　　That day in Yinchuan City, Ningxia, the reporter sent out orders during off-peak hours. The mobile phone software showed that the vehicle would arrive within 1 to 4 minutes, making it easier to take a taxi. However, in places slightly away from the city, such as Beita Lake, Huabo Park, and Shenyang Road, no one answered the order after 1 minute.

　　Why is it not easy to play online car-hailing? The subsidy is less, and the threshold is higher.

　　Compared with the "golden period" two years ago, online car-hailing is obviously not so easy to get. What is the reason?

　　Mr. Zong, 33, lives in the high-tech zone of Jinan City. He is a part-time driver of Didi Express and has been driving fast for more than a year. At first, he took the car to join the express team because his friend had a good income from driving fast. He said that at that time, because of various subsidies, his income was very good. At one point, he wanted to quit his job to drive fast. The most impressive order was to pull passengers to catch the train during peak hours, and the customer gave 2.5 times the reward.

　　But this year, the "money scene" has begun to dim. He is glad that he did not quit his job. Many of his friends who drove fast cars in the past have already found other jobs. Mr. Zong believes that the main reason for the current lack of online car-hailing is that subsidies are less, and driving cannot earn money.

　　"Sometimes I work until the early morning at night, and sometimes I can earn about 100 yuan for running on weekends. If I make this money, if I get a violation of regulations or something, I won’t be able to scratch it." Mr. Zong said that in the future, it will depend on how the implementation rules of Jinan are determined. According to the requirements in the exposure draft, his own private car will definitely not meet the conditions, and the cost will definitely increase greatly if it is converted to a operating vehicle. If it is not cost-effective, it will not be opened.

　　Mr. Li of Yinchuan, Ningxia, has been running an express car for three years with his own 50,000 yuan private car. He chose to change careers this year because "there is no subsidy and he can’t make money." Mr. Li told reporters that many people buy cars worth tens of thousands of yuan to run Didi Express. According to the rules, the peers he knows are not up to standard.

　　A staff member of an online car-hailing agency in Yinchuan City told reporters that the current Didi platform has begun to block the express numbers of substandard vehicles one after another. Among the drivers of Didi Express in Yinchuan, 80% of the cars or drivers do not meet the online car-hailing standards.

　　The decrease in the number of online car-hailing, on the one hand, makes consumers feel that the car is not easy to play, but also makes other express drivers who choose to stay feel better. In Beijing, Yu Sijia, who was born in 1989, has been driving online car-hailing for a year and a half. At the end of last year, he successfully obtained the online car-hailing driver qualification certificate with a high score of 90 points. He told reporters that even if he has a good order income on weekdays, he still likes to take orders at night, because there are fewer owners who come out to take orders than in the past.

　　Mr. Yang of Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, who bought an Audi A4 sports car, said that compared with the past, there are significantly fewer people in sports cars, and the work is easier than before, because the threshold has been raised. "You drive a car with tens of thousands of dollars to run a special car. To be honest, it is not fair to us. Fortunately, many people quit after the details came out."

network image

　　Expert consultation: The threshold should be kept as low as possible

　　Is it right to strictly control online car-hailing through high thresholds? Is there any indisputable place in the new policy of online car-hailing?

　　According to data from the Ministry of Communications, there are currently more than 130 online car-hailing platform companies planning to carry out online car-hailing business, and 19 online car-hailing platform companies have obtained business licenses in relevant cities, but only 100,000 online car-hailing driver licenses have been issued in various places. On the demand side, as of December last year, the number of online taxi booking users reached 225 million. A mere 100,000 licensed online car-hailing drivers are facing the demand of more than 200 million people. Even with taxis, the contradiction between supply and demand in the market is also very sharp.

　　"The regulations of’Beijing Renjing License ‘and’Shanghai Renren Shanghai License’ have caused a large number of original online car-hailing drivers to be unable to continue on the road, resulting in a serious imbalance between supply and demand," Ye Qing, a professor at Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, told CCTV. Professor Ye Qing has written to the National Two Sessions for eight consecutive years to demand "bus reform" and is known as the first person in China’s bus reform. He said: "The management department has relatively high requirements for online car-hailing, but I think there is a way to solve this problem, that is, what is the standard of taxis in the city? The standard of online car-hailing is based on this standard, which is not lower than or parallel to the taxi standard, because a city’s taxis should pay attention to both economy and safety."

　　Ye Qing said that too harsh conditions are suspected of being unfair. As long as the driver of the online car-hailing car has no illegal record and meets the driving age and other conditions, he can drive the online car-hailing car after passing the test. "To improve the online car-hailing system, especially when formulating regulations at the local level, the threshold should be lowered as much as possible."

　　Cheng Huiqiang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, also said in an interview with the media that the government should conduct big data analytics and urban transportation capacity assessments while strengthening supervision, so that the transportation capacity can be matched with the city’s transportation operation to meet the public’s travel needs.

　　Xu Kangming, the Ministry of Transport’s chief expert on deepening taxi reform, told the media that if the city’s transportation capacity can be fully tapped, the problem of taxi-hailing difficulties can be solved. He believes that the transportation capacity of cruise taxis and compliant online car-hailing has not been fully released. It is necessary to let the full potential of legal compliance be realized, and at the same time, it is necessary to allow some time for vehicles and personnel that meet the new regulations to enter the market.

Xinhua News Agency, Fuzhou, November 1st (Reporter Li Haoze, Xiao Shiyao) The 2023 FISU Football World Cup ended in Jinjiang, Fujian on October 31st. The men’s team of paulista University in Brazil and the women’s team of Beijing Normal University won the men’s team and the women’s team respectively.

On October 31st, Zhou Xinyu (right), a player of Beijing Normal University team, shot in the game. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Lai Jincai)

The men’s and women’s finals were held on October 31st. In the first women’s final, the women’s team of Beijing Normal University played against the women’s team of paulista University in Brazil. After the two sides scored twice in the regular time, they made no achievements, and the game entered a penalty shootout. In the end, the women’s team of Beijing Normal University scored five penalty kicks, defeating their opponents with a total score of 7:6 and winning the championship.

On October 31st, the starting players of Beijing Normal University team took a group photo before the game. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Lai Jincai)

In the men’s final, a penalty shootout was staged again, and the men’s team of paulista University in Brazil and the Ukrainian National University of Economics and Business competed fiercely. The two sides drew 1:1 at regular time, and drew a blank in overtime. Finally, the men’s team of paulista University of Brazil won the men’s team championship with a total score of 7:6 after a penalty shootout.

In the third-place battle held on the same day, the men’s team of the University of Uruguay and the women’s team of Bordeaux University of France beat their respective opponents and won the third place in the men’s team and the women’s team respectively.

Another China team, Hohai University Men’s Team, finished eighth in the men’s team, up five places from the last competition.

The FISU Football World Cup is held every two years, and this year is the second. The first four events were held in Jinjiang.

　　On August 10th, there was a soaking rain in Hongyang country, Haiyuan County, zhongwei City, Ningxia.

　　Yang Hongqin, a villager in Anbao Village, walked out of her yard. She looked at the moon mountain covered with green mountains and sighed that the rain has been getting better and better in recent years, and it rained almost once a week recently. When the vegetation is lush, small animals such as ground squirrels, pheasants, rabbits and so on are "hidden" by thick vegetation.

　　At one time, the soil on the slope couldn’t hold any moisture, and the 5-inch-long weasel could see clearly from the hillside. It was a time when one side of the soil and water couldn’t support one side. Cao Yuhu, the "shopkeeper" of Yang Hongqin’s family, was playing weasel with the villagers on this barren slope at that time. Although it was interesting, the life was sad.

　　There is little rain, and potatoes, which are the "protagonists" of mountain people’s diet, are sometimes never harvested, not to mention wheat and beans. This year, in the 15-mu potato field in Yang Hongqin’s home, the roots are half a person’s height, and the purple and white potato flowers are arranged neatly.

Yang Hongqin works with all kinds of fresh vegetables in her garden. Zhang heshe

　　"The thicker the potato vine, the bigger it is, indicating that the potato grows better. In recent years, the rain has been good, and the soil here is mainly black loessial soil and calcareous soil. The rainfall is mainly concentrated in July, August and September. The precipitation law is consistent with the potato tuber expansion period, which is very conducive to potato yield increase. " Pang Shenggang, secretary of the Party branch of Anbao Village, introduced.

　　Although October is the potato harvest season, at this time, Pang Shenggang’s tone is firm: potatoes will definitely be harvested this year. Some potatoes dug out of the ground not long ago are big.

　　In the past two years, Hongyang Township has built a potato seed breeding base in Machang Natural Village, Anbao Village, to realize self-propagation and self-sufficiency of high-quality virus-free seed potatoes. Looking at Hongyang Township, the whole township takes potatoes as the leading industry, and has built nearly 6,000 mu of potato first-class seed potato promotion demonstration zone, with a total of 58,000 mu of potato planting, an increase of more than 10,000 mu over last year.

　　The increase of potato income is inseparable from the integration of new technologies and the promotion of new varieties, but it is also inseparable from the weather. Potato is a dry crop, but there is also a demand for rain. With less rain, the yield of potato is low, and the yield is naturally affected. In recent years, Hongyang Township has continuously promoted the potato industry. In addition to being suitable for planting potatoes, the increasing rainfall year by year has also increased the confidence of Hongyang people in planting potatoes.

Under the moon, grass grows and warblers fly. Zhang heshe

　　Xihaigu is short of water, and Hongyang Township is no exception.

　　Once, it was the collective memory of the villagers that the rain could not be stored and the soil erosion was serious. A flood in 1989 was firmly "nailed" in the memory of Yin Xuefeng, deputy head of Hongyang Township. The flood poured down the mountain, reaching the deepest point of 2 meters, which made many farmers’ water cellars "overflow". After the flood, except for the washed-out crops and silted rivers, the hills are still desolate.

　　When will this bitter day end? The change began around 2003, when the villagers were told to close the mountain to prohibit grazing and not to put sheep on the mountain. Since October 2002, all cities and counties in Ningxia have started to close grazing. By 2003, the whole region had closed mountains to close grazing, and 3.8 million shepherds had been released "down the mountain", and domestic animals and sheep had been kept in captivity.

Under the moon, grass grows and warblers fly. Zhang heshe

　　At first, some villagers didn’t understand that after so many years, who can change the soil and water in this area? However, the power of time proves everything.

　　Over the years, Hongyang Township has returned 50,000 mu of farmland to forests, managed 13.6 kilometers of rivers, and continued to implement the policy of grazing prohibition and enclosure. Through specific measures such as changing sloping fields into terraces and keeping water from going downhill, the ecology will be restored. The villagers gradually discovered that the once barren hills and slopes were covered with vegetation, and the ecological migration was also taken over by nature. The most intuitive embodiment is that the rainfall is increasing year by year, and the average rainfall in previous years is 300— 400 mm, since 2016, the rainfall has become more abundant, reaching 750 mm in 2019, forming a unique regional microclimate, leaning against Nanhua Mountain in the north, and the mountains and rivers in Hongyang Township are flying.

　　Cao Yuhu and Yang Hongqin took off the "hat" of the poor households who set up the card through policy assistance and hard work, and built a new house in 2018. Today, more than 70 sheep and 15 acres of potato land are the stable sources of income at home. Cao Yuhu works odd jobs in the village with the welding skills learned in the skills training class organized by the village. Three children grow up and go to school outside, and their lives are full of flavor. "Now let’s drive the sheep up the mountain. I won’t do it. I can’t bear to part with such a beautiful mountain." Yang Hongqin said.

　　Duan Fuqiang, Party Secretary of Hongyang Township, said, "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. Through persistent ecological restoration, the improvement of the ecological environment that the people really feel directly drives farmers to increase their income. In the future, we will continue to lead the masses to a well-off society and live a better life by improving the ecology. " (Correspondent Zhang Heguang Daily, all-media reporter Zhang Wenpan)