上海后花园论坛,上海419论坛,夜上海论坛

　　Question 1: How to determine the validity of the contract in the case of bitcoin "mining"?

　　Question and answer:China’s regulatory policy on virtual currency is relatively clear. On September 15th, 2021, the People’s Bank of China and other departments issued the Notice on Further Preventing and Handling the Speculation Risks of Virtual Currency Trading (Yinfa [2021] No.237), which emphasized that virtual currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum do not have the same legal status as legal tender and cannot be circulated in the market as currency. At the same time, the notice clearly pointed out that virtual currency-related businesses such as virtual currency exchange and providing matching services for virtual currency transactions are all illegal financial activities, which are strictly prohibited and resolutely banned according to law; If any legal person, unincorporated organization or natural person invests in virtual currency and related derivatives, which violates public order and good customs, the relevant civil legal acts shall be invalid, and the losses arising therefrom shall be borne by itself; Suspected of undermining financial order and endangering financial security, the relevant departments shall investigate and deal with it according to law.

　　The "mining" activity of virtual currency refers to the process of calculating and producing virtual currency through a special "mining machine". The energy consumption and carbon emissions are large, and the contribution to the national economy is low, and the driving effect on industrial development and scientific and technological progress is limited. In addition, the risks derived from the production and trading of virtual currency are more and more prominent, and its blind and disorderly development has a negative impact on promoting high-quality economic and social development and energy conservation and emission reduction. On September 3, 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments issued the Notice on Regulating the Mining Activities of Virtual Currency (Development and Reform Operation [2021] No.1283). According to the general idea of "strict monitoring, strict prevention of risks, no increment and proper storage", the incremental and storage items of virtual currency were distinguished, and the principle of classified treatment was adhered to. It is strictly forbidden to invest in incremental projects, speed up the orderly withdrawal of existing projects, and scientifically determine the withdrawal timetable and implementation path based on the actual situation in various places on the premise of ensuring a smooth transition.

　　People’s courts should pay attention to the changes of important national regulatory policies and accurately determine the validity of contracts when trying cases involving virtual currency "mining" such as bitcoin. Disputes related to virtual currency "mining" activities such as bitcoin should be treated differently with September 3, 2021 as the time node: contracts concluded after this time point should be deemed invalid; The relevant contracts before this time point should not simply deny their validity, but should be identified according to the provisions of the Civil Code on the validity of contracts and the facts of the case. If the people’s court confirms that the contract is invalid after trial, the people’s court will not support the request of the parties to deliver the property or pay the consideration in accordance with the contract; If the parties request the other party to return the property acquired as a result of the contract, the people’s court may support it; If it cannot be returned, the people’s court will not support the claim that the virtual currency such as Bitcoin should be converted into legal tender value for compensation, unless the parties reach an agreement on the compensation amount of virtual currency such as Bitcoin. If the contract is valid but not fulfilled, and the parties request the other party to bear the liability for breach of contract, the people’s court needs to fully consider the influence of changes in national policies on the performance of the contract, and reasonably determine the scope and mode of liability for breach of contract.

　　Comment Expert: Zhou Youjun, Party Secretary and Professor of Beihang University Law School.

　　Comments: The validity of the contract involving bitcoin "mining" case is controversial in judicial practice. Bitcoin’s "mining" behavior consumes a lot of electricity and energy, which is not in line with the concept of green development, is not conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction and the realization of peak carbon dioxide emissions’s carbon neutrality goal, and also violates the green principle stipulated in Article 9 of the Civil Code. Therefore, on September 3, 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments issued the Notice on Renovating the Mining Activities of Virtual Currency, which included the mining activities of Bitcoin in the category of eliminated industries. Answers combined with the provisions of Article 153, paragraph 2, of the Civil Code on public order and good customs, will violate the important regulatory policies of the state, which will be deemed as a violation of public order and good customs, and thus the contract will be deemed invalid. When the people’s court hears the case of bitcoin "mining", it can guarantee and guide the green development through judicial activities by incorporating the above-mentioned important national regulatory policies into the important considerations for determining the validity of the contract. The Q&A also clarified the legal consequences of invalid contracts in bitcoin "mining" cases, and also considered the requirements of important national regulatory policies issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments. The legal basis of answering questions is sufficient and operable, which has great guiding value for the judgment of similar cases.

　　Question 2: If the guarantee contract is invalid, does the general guarantor also enjoy the right of defense?

　　Question and answer:According to the provisions of Article 687 of the Civil Code, the general guarantor’s right of defense in the first action means that the guarantor can refuse to undertake the guarantee responsibility before the main debt has not been tried or arbitrated and the debtor’s property is enforced according to law. When the guarantee contract is invalid because of the invalidity of the principal creditor’s rights and debts contract, or because of its own reasons, whether the general guarantor still enjoys the right of defense in advance has a great influence on the interests of the guarantor and the creditor, and there are differences in practice. Through research, it is considered that the general guarantor is still protected by the right of defense. The specific reasons are as follows:

　　First of all, it conforms to the supplementary nature of the guarantor’s liability for compensation. The law gives the general guarantor the right to plead first, because the main debt is the debt that the debtor should have performed by himself, and the general guarantor’s guarantee responsibility is subordinate to the debt, which has a supplementary position, and only takes responsibility for the unfulfilled part of the main debt when the main debtor fails to perform. When the guarantee contract is invalid, the general guarantor’s liability for compensation also comes from the guarantee contract, which is also a supplementary debt. According to Article 17 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Guarantee System of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Fa Shi [2020] No.28), when the guarantee contract is invalid, the liability of the guarantor at fault is limited to the part that the debtor cannot pay off, which is also supplementary. Similarly, when the guarantee contract is invalid, the general guarantor’s liability for compensation is also supplementary and should be protected by the right of defense in the first instance. Just because the guarantee contract is invalid, the general guarantor’s liability will lose the nature of supplementary liability.

　　Secondly, it meets the reasonable expectations of the parties when concluding a general guarantee contract. Although the surety’s liability for compensation is determined according to his own fault after the surety contract is invalid, it is different from the surety’s liability when the surety contract is valid. However, when the creditor and the surety sign a general surety contract, they usually don’t subjectively think that the surety contract is invalid, so both parties have the expectation that the general surety will be protected by the right of defense in the first instance, and the creditor usually doesn’t ask the general surety to bear the liability for compensation for the invalidity of the surety contract in advance.

　　Finally, it conforms to the internal logic of the system of contract validity. When the guarantee contract is invalid, the creditor’s benefits should not exceed those obtained when the guarantee contract is valid. In other words, the general guarantor should at least receive the same protection when the contract is invalid as when it is valid, so as to maintain the internal harmony of the contract validity system. When the guarantee contract is invalid, if the general guarantor loses the protection of the right of defense, the creditor can sue for compensation separately, which obviously goes against the logical order of the contract validity system and makes the guarantor lose the term interest when the guarantee contract is valid.

　　To sum up, when the guarantee contract is invalid, the general guarantor still enjoys the right of defense, which not only conforms to the nature of the guarantor’s liability, but also conforms to the reasonable expectations of the parties, and also maintains the organic unity of the contract effectiveness system.

　　Comment expert: Cheng Xiao, a professor at Tsinghua University Law School

　　Comments: the right of defense of first appeal, also known as the right of defense of retrieval. This right is a civil substantive right enjoyed by the general guarantor, rather than a simple right of defense in litigation, which is very important to it. Whether the guarantor has the right of defense is also the most fundamental difference between general guarantee and joint and several liability guarantee. In order to balance the interests of all parties and avoid being too strict with the guarantor, the second paragraph of Article 686 of the Civil Code of our country stipulates: "If the parties have no agreement or unclear agreement on the guarantee method in the guarantee contract, they shall bear the guarantee responsibility according to the general guarantee." At the same time, in the second paragraph of article 687, four situations in which the general guarantor loses the right of defense of the first action are strictly limited. The invalidity of a general guarantee contract is not the case that the guarantor loses the right of defense in the first instance as stipulated in this paragraph. In addition, the invalidity of the guarantee contract does not mean that the guarantor is completely exempted from liability. According to the second paragraph of Article 682 of the Civil Code, if the debtor, guarantor and creditor are at fault after the guaranty contract is confirmed to be invalid, they shall bear corresponding civil liabilities according to their faults. Although the guarantor bears the corresponding civil liability because of his fault, it does not change the essential feature that the guarantor is not responsible for his own debts. Therefore, if the general guarantee contract is valid, the guarantor has the right to plead first, and when the guarantee contract is invalid, the general guarantor has no right to plead first, which obviously violates the basic jurisprudence of equal treatment of the same thing, and artificially changes the interest structure among creditors, debtors and guarantors, which increases the responsibility of the guarantor. Therefore,This Q&A is undoubtedly correct about the view that the general guarantor still has the right of defense when the guarantee contract is invalid, and it is also convincing from three aspects: the nature of the guarantor’s liability for compensation, the expectations of the parties and the internal logic of the contract validity system.

　　Question 3: Does customer information belong to the company’s trade secrets?

　　Question and answer:Customer information mainly includes two parts, one is the customer’s name, address, contact information and other information, that is, basic information; The other part is information such as trading habits, intentions, and price affordability, that is, in-depth information. However, this classification does not necessarily affect the determination of whether customer information constitutes a trade secret. The criterion for judging whether customer information constitutes a trade secret lies in whether it meets the legal requirements of "unknown to the public, having commercial value and being kept confidential by the obligee", that is, secrecy, value and confidentiality. It is worth noting that the secret requirement is not generally known and easily obtained by the public, and it is not required to be known by no one else, nor is it required for others to pay enough. Compared with the trade secrets of technical secrets, the trade secrets of customer information have some particularity: the essence of customer information is information that can be collected, so the essence of infringing on the trade secrets of customer information is usually that the infringer saves the time and money cost needed to collect information through this infringement. Therefore, there is usually a time limit for the protection of trade secrets of customer information. Therefore, although the basic information is easier to obtain than the in-depth information, it only leads to the difficulty in identifying the secrecy of the basic information and the corresponding protection period is shorter. If the basic information does have commercial value and is large enough and difficult to collect, it may also meet the requirements of value and confidentiality, and then it can be recognized as a commercial secret, which needs to be recognized according to the specific circumstances of the case.

　　Comment expert: Professor and doctoral supervisor from the School of Civil and Commercial Economics of China University of Political Science and Law came to Tucki.

　　Comments: Customer information plays an important role in the company’s operation and development, but whether it constitutes a company’s trade secret and is protected by law should be judged according to the provisions of Article 9 of China’s Anti-Unfair Competition Law and the specific case. Q&A answers the question whether customer information belongs to the company’s trade secrets from three aspects: the composition of customer information, the basis for identification and the particularity of customer information as trade secrets. Answers accurately interpret the basic information and in-depth information in customer information, accurately understand and grasp the internal meaning of the provisions on trade secrets in China’s anti-unfair competition law, and analyze and answer the particularity of trade secrets of customer information compared with technical secrets. This question and answer is clear in logic, well-founded and correct in viewpoint, which has strong guiding significance for correctly judging whether the customer information can constitute the company’s trade secrets in a case.

　　Question 4: In a civil case in which the original judgment is upheld in the second instance, is the execution based on the judgment of the first instance or the judgment of the second instance?

　　Question and answer:In civil litigation, there are great differences between theoretical and practical circles on the basis of execution when the original judgment is upheld in the second instance. There are three main views: the first view is that the judgment of the first instance is the execution basis when the original judgment is upheld in the second instance. The second view is that the judgment of the second instance is the execution basis when the original judgment is upheld in the second instance. The third view is that the judgments of the first and second instance together constitute the basis for execution. To understand this problem, on the one hand, we should base ourselves on the clear provisions of the Civil Procedure Law, accurately understand the legislative intention, and accurately define what is an effective judgment and what is the basis for implementation. On the other hand, we should investigate and compare the different effects produced by different treatment methods. Through research, it is considered that the judgment of the second instance is the execution basis when the original judgment is upheld in the second instance. The specific analysis is as follows:

　　First, according to the law, the judgment of the second instance is effective for civil cases that have passed the second instance. Article 182 of the Civil Procedure Law clearly stipulates that the judgments and orders of the people’s court of second instance are final. After the first and second trials, there are two judgments, but there cannot be two effective judgments in the same case. After the case is judged by the first instance, if the parties choose to appeal, the judgment of the first instance will no longer take effect, and the judgment of the second instance will become effective. It should be noted that the entry into force of a civil judgment is based on the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law, rather than the determination of other judgments. That is to say, the judgment of the second instance is not the confirmation of the effectiveness of the judgment of the first instance, but the judgment of the case handling result is the same as that of the first instance, and its essence is the substantive judgment of "agreeing with the judgment of the first instance". Therefore, the judgment of the second instance is the effective judgment, and the view that upholding the original judgment of the second instance means that the judgment of the first instance is effective is debatable. According to Article 235 of the Civil Procedure Law, the civil judgment as the basis of execution should be a legally effective civil judgment, thus excluding the view that the judgment of the first instance is still the basis of execution or one of the basis of execution after the judgment of the second instance is made.

　　Second, just because the main text of the second-instance judgment is "upholding the original judgment" does not mean that the second-instance judgment has no payment content. According to Article 461 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Interpretation of the Civil Procedure Law), the effective legal documents as the basis for execution should have clear payment contents. The so-called explicit payment content refers to the ability to determine the payment obligations that the parties should perform according to the judgment documents, including money payment, delivery of specific things, and also the performance of certain acts specified by legal documents. This is the definition of executive power from the types of actions. For example, the judgment of the action of payment usually has the content of payment, while the judgment document of the action of confirmation often has no content of payment. For the case of upholding the original judgment in the second instance, the actual meaning of "upholding the original judgment" is that the main text of the judgment in the second instance is the same as that in the first instance, but it is briefly expressed as "upholding the original judgment", which cannot change the nature of the lawsuit. If the case itself is a lawsuit for payment and the judgment in the first instance also has clear payment contents, then "upholding the original judgment" in the second instance means that the payment contents determined in the judgment in the second instance are the same as those in the first instance, not that the judgment in the second instance has no payment contents. In practice, when filing a case for compulsory execution after the second instance upheld the original judgment, the judgment of the second instance upheld the original judgment as the execution basis, and at the same time, the applicant executor was required to submit the judgment of the original trial, so that the enforcement judge could determine the specific content of the original judgment in the execution.

　　Third, even if the original judgment is upheld in the second instance, the judgment of the second instance and the judgment of the first instance are not necessarily identical in ascertaining the facts and applying the law. Taking the judgment of the first instance as the execution basis or both the judgments of the first instance and the second instance as the execution basis will also involve the connection between follow-up and execution. According to Article 332 of the Interpretation of the Civil Procedure Law, if the original judgment or ruling finds that the facts or the applicable law are flawed, but the verdict is correct, the people’s court of second instance may maintain it after correcting the flaws in the judgment or ruling. However, in this case, although the judgment results are the same, the judgment of the second instance is by no means the same as that of the first instance in terms of fact finding and legal application. For example, the execution of the judgment of the first instance will lead to different processing results from the execution of the judgment of the second instance. For example, calculate the starting time of debt interest during the period of delay in performance after the judgment takes effect. The first instance ruled that one party paid interest at the market interest rate "within seven days after the judgment came into effect", and ruled that "if the obligation to pay money is not fulfilled within the period specified in the judgment, the interest on the debt during the delayed performance shall be doubled according to the law", and the second instance upheld the original judgment. At this time, if the judgment of first instance is taken as the execution basis, there may be a misunderstanding about "within seven days after the judgment takes effect".

　　Fourth, if the judgment of the first instance is taken as the basis for execution, the relevant expenses of the second instance will not be implemented. If the judgment of the first instance is taken as the basis for execution, the determination and burden of the acceptance fee of the appeal case and the appraisal fee that may occur in the second instance will not be implemented.

　　Commentators: Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of Law School of Renmin University of China, Vice President of china law society Civil Procedure Law Research Association, and Xiao Jianguo, Vice President of Executive Behavior Professional Committee of China Behavioral Law Society.

　　Comments: The determination of the enforcement basis when the original judgment is upheld in the second instance is a controversial issue in the current court enforcement practice. The answers explain the main reasons that "the judgment of the second instance is the execution basis when the original judgment is upheld in the second instance" from three aspects: the legal normative basis, the enforceability of upholding the original judgment and the difference between upholding the original judgment and the judgment of the first instance. Answering questions summarized three standpoints of the current theoretical and practical circles about the execution basis when the original judgment was upheld in the second instance. Based on the provisions of the current civil procedure law and judicial interpretation, the procedural jurisprudence behind the determination of the execution basis when the original judgment was upheld in the second instance was clarified by using the methods of literal interpretation and systematic interpretation. The views of answering questions are clear and accurate, the legal basis is sufficient, the theoretical explanation is clear and powerful, and it shows a solid professional foundation and rich practical experience, which has universal guiding significance for the practice of civil enforcement in China.

　　Question 5: After the house is renovated, no one lives in it. Is it considered as burglary to enter the house to steal property?

　　Question and answer:The core of this problem lies in the understanding of the scope of "household" in "burglary" Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases of Theft (Fa Shi [2013] No.8) stipulates: "Whoever illegally enters a residence that is relatively isolated from the outside world for the family life of others shall be deemed as’ burglary’." To identify "burglary", we should pay attention to the functional characteristics (for others’ family life) and the characteristics of the place (relatively isolated from the outside world) that "households" should have. During the decoration and placement of the house, although the residence involved is relatively isolated from the outside world and has the characteristics of "household", it has no functional characteristics because it is uninhabited and has not been used for family life of others. From the legislative point of view, burglary is defined as a crime of theft, with the aim of strengthening the protection of the personal rights of indoor personnel. Because burglary, once discovered by indoor personnel, will often turn into robbery, thus seriously endangering and endangering the personal of indoor personnel. Entering uninhabited houses usually does not have this problem. Therefore, the defendant’s behavior of stealing household appliances, furniture and other property during the period of house decoration and placement should not be regarded as "burglary".

　　Comment Expert: Peng Xinlin, Professor of Law School of Beijing Normal University and Editor-in-Chief of Research on Criminal Law Interpretation.

　　Comments: "burglary" is a type of larceny added in the Criminal Law Amendment (VIII) in 2011. How to identify the "household" in "burglary" has always been a difficult problem in judicial practice. Therefore, Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases of Theft makes special provisions. According to this regulation, providing for others’ family life and relative isolation from the outside world are the two main factors to identify "households". Dormitories, classrooms, offices, hotel rooms, temporary sheds, etc. are generally not recognized as "households" because they do not have the function of family life or can not be relatively isolated from the outside world. The reason why "burglary" does not require the amount or number of thefts is that this type of theft not only infringes on the ownership of public and private property, but more importantly poses a great threat to the personal safety of citizens, so special provisions must be made to meet the needs of severe crackdown. This answer is not a formal conclusion, but a proper explanation of the scope of "household" based on the functional characteristics and place characteristics that "household" should have, from the perspective that "burglary" infringes on legal interests, denying that the act of stealing property during the decoration and placement of houses constitutes "burglary", and grasping the essential characteristics of "household". The answer is correct, well-founded and clear in logic, which has important reference value and strong guiding significance for the accurate identification of "burglary" in practice.

　　The fitness demand of sports enthusiasts in generate is followed by the prosperity of fitness food. Now there are endless energy bars, meal replacement milkshakes, sports drinks, protein powder and various sports nutrients on the market. In the face of chaotic and complicated sports food, can you correctly understand their functions? How will you choose?
　　"Exercise needs to consume a lot of energy substances, and the energy substances in our brain are mainly glucose. If there is not enough carbohydrate in the body to secrete glucose to supply our nervous system after exercise, it will cause functional discomfort, so it is necessary to supplement some energy substances such as sugar, carbohydrates and protein before and after exercise." Feng Qiang, an assistant researcher at the Research Institute of the State Sports General Administration, explained.
　　Feng Qiang said: "For people who have been exercising for a relatively long time, you can supplement some substances that can be digested and transformed quickly before exercise, so that your body can have enough fuel to ensure the supply of blood sugar and energy at a normal level. Banana is a very good natural food, which can be supplemented quickly, and at the same time, it also contains some dietary fiber, which can meet our fitness needs. After exercise, especially after muscle strength exercises, it is necessary to add more protein appropriately, especially to grasp the ‘ Window period ’ Supplementing energy as soon as possible will help improve the recovery rate of the body and maximize the fitness effect. "
　　In addition, as a kind of nutritional supplements, sports supplements have also been sought after by many fitness enthusiasts, meeting the shaping or strength training needs of people who lose fat and gain muscle. The most common supplements are protein and creatine. protein can promote muscle gain, and creatine can provide muscle explosive force and improve performance during exercise.
　　"For the nutritional supplement of the general population, it does not mean that protein is too high or too much energy is good. Now there are many corresponding replenishment products on the market. We should choose them for ourselves according to our own needs, carefully look at the ingredient list and ingredient list of the products, and choose those foods with high energy density mainly based on carbon water for quick replenishment. " Feng Qiang stressed, "However, people who lose weight should make a distinction. They should choose foods with low energy density, mainly water and fiber. They will not starve and will not lead to excessive energy. The energy they eat should always be less than the energy consumed by the body. This is an iron law."
　　Regarding the popular meal replacement, Feng Qiang said: "No matter what meal replacement is, it must be reasonably matched according to the energy substances necessary for the human body. Don’t think that I want to lose weight, just eat a certain kind, or I will eat more protein if I like protein, so I must have a balanced intake. Hungry weight loss therapy will cause functional disorders in our bodies. In fact, many fats, especially unsaturated fatty acids, still play a very important role in our immune system and strengthening our health. Some people feel that their body is getting worse after suddenly losing weight, which may be caused by physical disorder, so we must arrange the proportion of eating and match it reasonably. "
　　For rehydration during exercise, Feng Qiang suggested: "For ordinary sports enthusiasts, ordinary mineral water or boiled water is enough. If you feel that the amount of sweating is relatively large, you can add a little light salt water. The principle is to be proactive, small and repeated, and maintain the balance between water and salt. If you don’t have special needs, you don’t need to pay special attention to drinking some sports drinks, because many sports drinks on the market are sweet and high in sugar, which will cause a burden on the body and is not particularly good for the body. " (From June 29th, China Sports Daily, 05 edition)

Original sauce purple frog

winter

At present, there are about hundreds of common anti-tumor drugs in clinic, which can be roughly divided into the following seven categories:

Cytotoxic drugs, hormone drugs, biological reaction regulators, monoclonal antibody drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, other drugs, auxiliary drugs, etc.

01, cytotoxic drugs

Drugs that act on the chemical structure of DNA

(1) alkylating agents and nitrogen mustard (such as nitrogen mustard, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, etc.), setipine (such as setipine, etc.), nitrosoureas (such as carmustine and smectine, etc.) and methanesulfonate (such as busulfan, etc.).

(2) Platinum compounds: such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin.

(3) Mitomycin: such as mitomycin, etc.

Drugs that affect nucleic acid synthesis

(1) dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: such as methotrexate and pemetrexed.

(2) Thymidine synthase inhibitors: such as 5-FU, FT-207, capecitabine, etc.

(3) Purine nucleotide synthase inhibitors: such as 6- mercaptopurine, 6-TG, etc.

(4) Nucleotide reductase inhibitors: such as hydroxyurea.

(5)DNA polymerase inhibitors: such as cytarabine and gemcitabine.

● Drugs that act on nucleic acid transcription selectively act on DNA templates to inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thus inhibiting RNA synthesis: such as actinomycin D, daunorubicin, adriamycin, epirubicin, aclacinomycin, guangmycin, etc.

● Topoisomerase Ⅰ inhibitors acting on DNA replication: such as irinotecan, topotecan and hydroxycamptothecin.

● Drugs that mainly interfere with tubulin synthesis during mitosis M phase: such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinblastine, norvinblastine, podophylline, homoharringtonine, etc.

● Other cell poisons: such as asparaginase.

02, hormone drugs

(1) Anti-estrogen: such as tamoxifen, toremifene, exemestane, etc.

(2) Aromatase inhibitors: such as buprenone, Formetam, letrozole, anastrozole, etc.

(3) Progesterone: such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate.

(4) Sex hormones: such as methyltestosterone, testosterone propionate and diethylstilbestrol.

(5) Anti-androgen: such as flutamide.

(6)RH-LH agonists/antagonists: such as goserelin and leuprorelin acetate.

03, biological reaction regulator

Mainly through the body’s immune function to inhibit tumors, including interferon, interleukin -2, thymopeptides.

04, monoclonal antibody drugs

Such as rituximab, trastuzumab and bevacizumab.

05, immune checkpoint inhibitor

Such as Pam monoclonal antibody, Cindilizumab, Trepril monoclonal antibody, Atzumab, etc.

06, other drugs

(1) Cell differentiation inducers: such as retinoids and arsenious acid.

(2) Apoptosis inducer.

(3) Inhibitor of angiogenesis: Endor.

(4) Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: such as gefitinib and erlotinib.

(5) gene therapy.

(6) tumor vaccine, etc.

07, auxiliary medicine

(1) Blood-raising drugs: such as G-CSF/GM-CSF, IL-11/TPO, EPO, etc.

(2) Antiemetic drugs: such as ondansetron and granisetron hydrochloride.

(3) Analgesics: such as aspirin, acetaminophen, codeine, tramadol, morphine, fentanyl, etc.

(4) Osteoclast inhibitor: such as pamidronate disodium, zoledronic acid sodium, etc.

Editor | Li Yaqi Zhao Ruoxi

Revise | Zhang Fangfang

Editor-in-Chief Hong Wei

All knowledge of internal medicine diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients

Published by China Medical Science and Technology Press

This book is one of the fascicles of "Cancer Doctors Say", which mainly introduces the common sense, diagnosis and medical treatment of tumors, and focuses on the related problems of specific cancer types such as lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer. At the same time, it also shows real and touching stories in tumor prevention and treatment, giving strength to patients and their families. The book is introduced in detail in the form of questions and answers, and the language is easy to understand, which is suitable for readers, especially cancer patients and their families.

Original title: "Cancer Doctors say | What are the common anti-tumor drugs?"

Read the original text

A few days ago, we obtained the internal planning of the suspected border from relevant channels. The border will launch the M8 in 2025, which is expected to be delivered in the first quarter of next year, and the price is between 350,000 and 450,000. The revised version of Questionnaires M5 and M7 will be developed on the platform of Seles Rubik’s Cube.

At present, the M8 is in a strict camouflage state, and it is likely to adopt a family-style design style. It is different from the M9 in some details, and the vehicle design is still a stable style. With a length of more than 5 meters and a wheelbase of more than 3 meters, it will provide spacious seating space. Compared with the M9, the tail shape will be tougher, and it is not ruled out that the through taillight design will continue to be adopted. The lines of the tailgate are very angular, which enhances the sense of strength of the whole vehicle. The new car will be equipped with Huawei Gankun ADS 3.0 advanced intelligent driving system, air suspension and CDC variable damping shock absorber. The extended range version adopts pure electric drive extended range platform 4.0, and the pure electric version adopts 800V high-voltage silicon carbide platform.

The redesigned M5 and M7 will adopt a brand-new family design style, and the price of the high-end models of the M7 will continue to go up, connecting with the M8. The price of M5 will be further lowered, which is out of step with M7.

According to the Regulations on Personnel Management of Public Institutions (DecreeNo. of the State Council)No.652) and the Organization Department of Anhui Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, Anhui Provincial Human ResourcesandNotice of the Social Security Department on Printing and Distributing the Interim Measures for Open Recruitment of Public Institutions in Anhui ProvinceNo.78 [2010]) regulations and requirements,The relevant matters concerning the open recruitment of grassroots medical and health professionals in Anhui Province are hereby announced as follows.

One,fundamental principle 　　

(1) Adhere to openness and fairness, and choose the best through competition.

(two) adhere to the examination and selection.

(three) adhere to the unified norms, responsible for the classification.

Second, the recruitment plan

Approved, the province’s grassroots medical and health professional and technical personnel openly recruited.engage802 people, recruiters included in the establishment management.Recruitment plan (position) and other information inFrom October 14th, it will be published on the websites of Anhui Health and Wellness Committee (http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/), Anhui Human Resources and Social Security Department (http://hrss.ah.gov.cn/), Anhui Personnel Examination Network (http://www.apta.gov.cn/) and related media.

three, recruitment target 　　

　  The recruitment target isMeet the post conditionsCollege graduates or above with nationally recognized academic qualifications..

The following persons can apply:

(1)Incorporated into the national unified recruitment plan, accepted by ordinary colleges and universities, and holding the employment registration certificate for ordinary college graduates issued by the provincial education authorities.College graduates in 2022;

(2)National unified enrollmentIn 2020 and 2021, when college graduates leave school and fail to implement their work units during their career selection, their hukou, files and organizational relationships remain in the original graduate school, or they remain in graduates’ employment departments at all levels (graduate employment guidance service centers), talent exchange service institutions at all levels and public employment service institutions at all levels.;

(3)joinPersonnel who have no work experience before "serving grass-roots projects" fail to implement their work units within 2 years after the expiration of service and passing the examination.;

(4)Students in ordinary institutions of higher learning join the army in the year of graduation, and after retirement (including resumption of school graduation)Retired soldiers who have not implemented their work units within 2 years.;

(5)Returned overseas students who obtained a degree abroad in 2022 and completed the academic certification of the education department.;andIn 2020 and 2021, the returned overseas students who obtained a degree outside the country and completed the education department’s academic certification and did not implement the work unit.

four, recruitment conditions 　　

(1) Having People’s Republic of China (PRC) nationality;

(2) Abiding by the Constitution and laws;

(3) Having good conduct;

(4) Professional or skill requirements required for the post;

(5) Physical conditions that meet the requirements of the post;

(6) Other conditions required for the post.

In the open recruitment position table“Under 30 years old"for“In 1991,10moononeBorn after."(Others involved in age calculation and so on).

Persons under any of the following circumstances are not allowed to apply:

(1) Persons who do not meet the requirements for post recruitment;

(2) Non-fresh graduates of full-time colleges and universities who are studying;

(3) Servicemen;

(four) in the open recruitment of various types of institutions at all levels, due to violation of the provisions on the handling of violations of discipline and discipline in open recruitment of institutions, it was recorded in the integrity archives of open recruitment of candidates in institutions.,And the record period has not expired.;

(5) Persons who have been subjected to criminal punishment for crimes, persons who have been expelled from public office, persons who have been subject to disciplinary sanctions before the expiration of the time limit or are undergoing disciplinary review, persons who are under criminal punishment or are under judicial investigation and have not yet reached a conclusion.;

(six) in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and province, the organs and institutions that are still in the minimum service life are officially in the staff;

(seven) the provisions of laws and regulations shall not participate in the examination or employment of staff in other circumstances.

Candidates are not allowed to apply for positions that constitute the situations listed in Article 6 of the Regulations on the Avoidance of Personnel Management in Institutions after employment.

five, netnet-like objectenter one’s name

Registration is conducted by online registration, and the registration website is Anhui Personnel Examination Network. Registration time isIn 202210moontwentysun9:00 to10moon24sun17: 00, no supplementary report will be made after the deadline.

Applicants should pass before registering.The "Wanshitong" APP applies for "Ankang Code" in real name. Applicantslog inAnhui personnel examination network to register, after SMS verification, carefully read the "notice of epidemic prevention and control during the examination" and sign it."Integrity Commitment", fill in "Anhui Province"Basic medical and health professional and technical personnelOpen recruitment registration qualification examination form, upload my electronic photo (recent bareheaded positive photo,Jpg format, with a size of 295×413 pixels and a size of 20-100kb), and provides an effective communication mode. The information filled in by applicants must be consistent with their actual situation, application conditions and job requirements. Anyone who practices fraud passes the qualification examination.,If the actual situation does not conform to the requirements of the application conditions, once verified, the qualifications for examination and employment will be cancelled.

Each applicant is limited to one post, and must use his valid identity card to register and participate.examination.

After the applicants register,10moon24sun18：00, you can log on to Anhui Personnel Examination Network at any time to check whether you have passed the qualification examination. Those who pass the examination shall not be reported to other positions; Has not been reviewed or failed to pass the review, in10moon2foursunoneeight：00 before you can change to other positions.

There is no written examination fee for this recruitment, and there is no need to pay online.

Six,written examination　　　

The written examination subjects for the open recruitment of grassroots medical and health professional and technical personnel in the province areMedical and health professional subjects(For specific examination subjects, please refer to the post table),The main survey candidates hired professional positions should behaveofProfessional knowledge and comprehensive application ability. This exam does not specify the exam counseling book, nor does it hold or entrust any institution to hold counseling training classes.

The written test time is09: 00-11: 00 am on Sunday, October 30, 2022 (if it needs to be adjusted due to special factors such as epidemic situation, it will be notified separately).

The written test score is 0150 points, the score shall be kept at two decimal places.

Applicants can apply atFrom October 28th to 29th, I downloaded and printed the Admission Ticket from Anhui Personnel Examination Network. See the admission ticket for the test location. According to the relevant requirements of epidemic prevention and control, candidates who are not suitable for written examination will not take the examination.

In late November (the specific time will be notified separately), applicants can log on to Anhui Personnel Examination Network and check their written test results with their ID number and password., log on to the website of Anhui Provincial Health and Wellness Committee to check the minimum control qualified score of written test scores. Within one week after the results are announced, candidates can log on to the website of the Municipal Health and Wellness Committee.Station, query post performance ranking. The short-listed candidates for the professional test shall be determined according to the regulations from the personnel above the minimum control qualification line in the same position.

Seven,Qualification review

According to the written test scores of candidates from high to low, according to the number of recruitment positions, pressThe ratio of 3: 1 to 5: 1 determines the personnel who participate in the qualification review for each position. If there are several candidates with the same written test results, the last one will be determined as the candidate to participate in the qualification review. For positions that are exempt from written examination, those who pass the online registration qualification examination all enter the qualification review.

The health committees of cities and counties (cities, districts) publish the announcement of qualification review on the official website according to the relevant regulations, and candidates are required to participate in the review according to the announcement.

The qualification review is based on the qualification conditions stipulated in the recruitment announcement and the photos and information provided by the candidates when they register online. Anyone who does not meet the requirements of the qualification requirements or cannot provide documents and materials as required will be disqualified from participating in the professional test. If there is a vacancy in the candidates, they will be filled in equal amounts in turn within the specified time according to the written test scores from high to low.

Applicants who have passed the qualification review will receive a notice of professional test.

Eight, professional testing　　　

The professional test can be conducted by interview, defense and skill operation, which mainly examines the comprehensive quality and ability, comprehensive analysis ability, coordination and contingency ability, professional knowledge, business ability, practical operation skills and potential of the candidates. The total score of professional test is full according toCalculate 100 points.

The municipal, county (city, district) health and wellness committees are responsible for the professional testing work (among them, the written test-free positions are the responsibility of the health and wellness departments of districts and cities), and the professional testing plan is published on the websites of the municipal, county (city, district) human resources and social security bureau, the health and wellness committee and the recruiting unit according to regulations, which includes: the list of personnel who participated in the professional testing by their affiliated recruiting units, their written test scores and rankings.(There is no unified written test result without written test), and at the same time, it is clear about the recruitment position and quantity, the procedures and rules of professional test, the content, method, time and place of the test, and the contact person, contact telephone number and supervision telephone number of the recruiting unit.

Interview, defense, etc. must set up an examiner group. The examiner group is generally not less than7 people, of which the number of external examiners must account for more than half of the number of examiners.

If the number of people who actually take part in professional testing is less than or equal to the number of job recruitment plans, the average score of the candidates who took part in the same kind of professional testing in the same examination room on the same day can be determined as the minimum score line of professional testing for this post, or the minimum score line of professional testing can be set in advance. The specific determination method is specified in the professional testing implementation plan. Candidates whose professional test scores have not reached the minimum score line will not be allowed to enter the physical examination and inspection.

Nine, performance synthesis

The final results of the candidates’ examinations are published on the websites of the health committees of cities and counties (cities, districts) and the recruiting units.

The final score of the exam is accounted for by the written test score of the unified examination.60% and 40% of the professional test scores are determined synthetically. The calculation formula is: the written test score of the unified examination ÷1.5×0.6+ the professional test score ×0.4. For the post without written test, the professional test results are the final exam.Performance.

Written test scores, professional test scores and final test scores are all combined into a percentage system, with two decimal places reserved and the third decimal place rounded off.

Municipalities, counties (cities, districts) health committees and recruiting units shall, according to the number of recruitment plans and the final scores of candidates’ examinations, from high scores to low scores, press.1: 1 ratio to determine the physical examination and inspection objects (if the final results are the same, it will be determined from high score to low score based on the written test results of the applicants. If the written test is exempted and the written test results are the same, the additional test method will be adopted, and the additional test plan will be announced separately).

Ten,Physical examination and investigation 　　

The physical examination and inspection work shall be organized and implemented by the municipal and county (city, district) health and wellness committees and their subordinate recruitment units.

Physical examination standards refer to the "on the revision"The general standards for the physical examination of civil servants (for Trial Implementation) and the Operation Manual for the Physical Examination of Civil Servants (for Trial Implementation) (No.140 [2016] issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security) and the Notice on Further Standardizing the Physical Examination of Open Recruiters in Provincial Institutions (No.208 [2013] of Anhui People’s Society) and other relevant regulations shall be implemented.

According to the requirements of the post to be hired, the inspection work takes various forms to comprehensively understand and master the political ideology, moral quality, ability and quality, law-abiding, honesty and self-discipline, job matching and other aspects as well as the performance during the study and application. At the same time, it is necessary to verify whether the inspection object meets the prescribed qualification conditions, whether the application information and related materials provided are true and accurate, and whether it has the situation of avoiding the application.

According to the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Credit Supervision, Warning and Punishment Mechanism for People with Dishonesty" (Wan Ban Fa [2017] No.24) and other documents. At the end of the inspection, if the object of investigation still belongs to the person who has lost his trust, the inspection link will not be qualified.

If there is a vacancy in the qualified candidates for physical examination and inspection, in accordance with the prescribed procedures and time limit, among the applicants in the same position, the final scores of the examination shall be replenished in equal amounts from high to low, and the replenishment shall not exceed twice. The list of persons to be employed is publicized and will not be replenished.

XI. Publicity

For those who are qualified in physical examination and inspection, they areMunicipal and county (city, district) health committees and recruitment unitsWebsite publicitySeven days.

Twelve, organize recruitment.

According to the completion of the recruitment post plan, the municipal health and wellness committees may organize supplementary recruitment according to the situation, and the supplementary recruitment targets are limited to applicants who have taken the examination within the city and have not been identified as candidates to be hired. The specific recruitment work shall be the responsibility of the municipal health and wellness committees. After the implementation plan is filed by the Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, it shall be published on the websites of the Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, the Health and Wellness Committee and the recruiting unit as required.

XIII. Signing for Employment　　

After publicity without objection or publicity results do not affect the employment, by the competent department of the recruiting unit.In accordance with the provisions of the relevant materials submitted to the human resources and social security departments for related.employApproval procedures.

Violation of open recruitment regulations or failure toApplicants who provide the corresponding academic qualifications and degree certificates required by the recruitment position before December 31, 2022 will be disqualified. The recruitment unit shall cancel the employment qualification of those who fail to report for work within the specified time.

According to the Regulations on Personnel Management of Public Institutions (DecreeNo. of the State Council)No.652) stipulates that the recruiting unit must sign the employment contract of the institution with the employed personnel to establish the personnel relationship. The treatment of employed personnel shall be implemented in accordance with relevant regulations. The new staff of public institutions shall implement the probation system according to the regulations, and the probation period shall be included in the employment contract.

XIV. Related Matters

For follow-up information about written test, professional test, physical examination, inspection, etc., please log on to the websites of health, human resources and social security departments at all levels, Anhui Personnel Examination Network and the websites of recruiting units in time to inquire and consult.

Policy and examination consultation telephone number:0551-65879967 (Hefei), 0561-3119539 (Huaibei), 0558-5625368 (Bozhou), 0557-3022412 (Suzhou), 0552-3110982 (Bengbu), 0558. 0564-3379776 (Lu ‘an), 0555-2366508 (Maanshan), 0553-3836574 (Wuhu), 0563-2718380 (Xuancheng), 0562-2820394 (Tongling), 0566-

Examination and technical consultation telephone:0551-63457903 (Provincial Personnel Examination Institute)

Telephone number of the recruiting unit: See for details.Table of Recruitment Positions for Primary Health Professional and Technical Personnel in Cities. zip

Telephone number for supervision and reporting: See for details.Anhui province grassroots medical and health professional and technical personnel open recruitment supervision and reporting telephone table. xlsx

The above-mentioned consultation services and supervision hotline are used during normal office hours.

It is hereby announced.

　　　

　

Anhui Provincial Health and Wellness Committee

October 14th, 2022

　

In 2020, in the face of the severe impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, China’s communications industry resolutely implemented the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, fully supported the epidemic prevention and control work, actively promoted the construction of a network power, realized the 5G network coverage of all prefecture-level cities in the country, and continuously improved the capacity of new information infrastructure, providing strong support for accelerating the development of the digital economy and building a new development pattern.

First, the industry maintained a stable operation

(A) the growth rate of telecom business income rebounded, and the total telecom business increased rapidly.

According to preliminary accounting, in 2020, the telecom business revenue totaled 1.36 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.6% over the previous year, and the growth rate increased by 2.9 percentage points. According to the price of last year, the total telecommunications business was 1.5 trillion yuan, up 20.6% year-on-year.

Figure 1-1 Telecom Business Revenue Growth from 2015 to 2020

(B) The fixed communications business grew rapidly, and the driving role of emerging services was obvious.

In 2020, the revenue of fixed communication business reached 467.3 billion yuan, up by 12% over the previous year, accounting for 34.5% of the telecom business revenue, up by 2.8 percentage points over the previous year, and the proportion increased for three consecutive years.

Figure 1-2 Revenue Proportion of Mobile Communication Business and Fixed Communication Business from 2015 to 2020

Apply new technologies such as cloud computing, big data, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and vigorously expand emerging businesses, making fixed value-added and other businesses the first engine of growth. In 2020, the revenue of fixed data and Internet services reached 237.6 billion yuan, up by 9.2% over the previous year, and its proportion in the telecom business revenue increased from 16.6% in the previous year to 17.5%, which boosted the telecom business revenue growth by 1.53 percentage points and contributed 42.9% to the telecom business revenue growth of the whole industry. The revenue of fixed value-added services reached 174.3 billion yuan, up by 26.9% over the previous year, and its proportion in telecom business revenue increased from 10.5% in the previous year to 12.9%, which boosted the telecom business revenue growth by 2.82 percentage points and contributed 79.1% to the revenue growth. Among them, the revenue of data center business, cloud computing, big data and Internet of Things business increased by 22.2%, 85.8%, 35.2% and 17.7% respectively over the previous year; IPTV (Internet TV) business revenue was 33.5 billion yuan, up by 13.6% over the previous year.

Figure 1-3 Revenue Development of Fixed Data and Internet Services from 2015 to 2020

(3) The proportion of mobile communication services has declined, and data and Internet services are still important sources of income.

In 2020, the revenue of mobile communication business was 889.1 billion yuan, down by 0.4% from the previous year, and its proportion in telecom business revenue dropped to 65.5%, down by 6.4 percentage points from the peak in 2017. Among them, the revenue from mobile data and Internet services was 620.4 billion yuan, up by 1.7% over the previous year, and its proportion in the telecom business revenue dropped from 46.6% in the previous year to 45.7%, which boosted the telecom business revenue growth by 0.79 percentage points and contributed 22.3% to the revenue growth.

Figure 1-4 Revenue Development of Mobile Data and Internet Services from 2015 to 2020

Second, the network speeds up and the universal service develops in depth.

(1) The scale of mobile phone users declined slightly, and the penetration rate of 4G users exceeded 80%.

In 2020, there will be a net decrease of 16.4 million telephone users nationwide, and the total number will fall back to 1.776 billion. Among them, the total number of mobile phone users was 1.594 billion, with a net decrease of 7.28 million, and the penetration rate was 113.9/100 people, down 0.5/100 people from the end of last year. The total number of 4G users reached 1.289 billion, with a net increase of 6.79 million, accounting for 80.8% of the number of mobile phone users. The total number of fixed telephone users was 182 million, with a net decrease of 9.13 million, and the penetration rate dropped to 13 per 100 people.

Figure 2-1 Development of fixed-line and mobile phone penetration rate from 2010 to 2020

Figure 2-2 Mobile phone penetration rate by province in 2020

(2) Nearly 90% of the 100-megabit broadband is available, and the upgrade to gigabit broadband access is accelerated.

The pace of network speed-up has been accelerated, and the promotion of gigabit broadband services has been continuously promoted. By the end of 2020, the total number of fixed Internet broadband access users of the three basic telecommunications enterprises reached 484 million, with a net increase of 34.27 million. Among them, the total number of fixed Internet broadband access users with access rate of 100Mbps or above reached 435 million, with a net increase of 50.74 million, accounting for 89.9% of the total fixed broadband users, accounting for 4.5 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year; The number of users with access rates of 1000Mbps and above reached 6.4 million, a net increase of 5.53 million over the end of last year.

Figure 2-3 Proportion of Fixed Internet Broadband Users with Different Access Rates in 2019 and 2020

(3) Universal telecommunications services continued to advance, and rural broadband users grew rapidly.

By the end of 2020, the total number of rural broadband users in China reached 142 million, with a net increase of 7.12 million, up 5.3% from the end of last year. The proportion of optical fiber and 4G in administrative villages in China exceeds 98%, and the average download rate in the pilot areas of universal telecommunications service exceeds 70M, so that rural areas and cities can achieve "the same network and the same speed".

Figure 2-4 Rural Broadband Access Users and Their Proportion in 2015-2020

(D) The development of new formats was accelerated, and the number of cellular Internet of Things users increased rapidly.

Promote transformation and upgrading, accelerate the construction of new infrastructure such as 5G network, Internet of Things, big data and industrial Internet, and promote the deep integration of the new generation of information technology and manufacturing industry, with further results. By the end of 2020, the three basic telecommunications companies had developed 1.136 billion cellular Internet of Things users, with a net increase of 108 million users in the whole year, among which the end users used in intelligent manufacturing, intelligent transportation and intelligent public utilities accounted for 18.5%, 18.3% and 22.1% respectively. The total number of IPTV users reached 315 million, with a net increase of 21.2 million.

Third, the scale of mobile data traffic consumption continues to expand.

(A) Mobile Internet traffic grew rapidly, with the monthly average household traffic (DOU) reaching 10GB.

Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic and the new lifestyle of "staying at home", the demand for mobile Internet applications has surged, and online consumption has been extremely active. Short video, live broadcast and other high-traffic application scenarios have driven the rapid growth of mobile Internet traffic. In 2020, the consumption of mobile Internet access traffic reached 165.6 billion GB, an increase of 35.7% over the previous year. The average monthly mobile Internet traffic (DOU) reached 10.35GB/ household month, an increase of 32% over the previous year. In December, the DOU was as high as 11.92GB/ household month. Among them, mobile Internet traffic reached 156.8 billion GB, up 29.6% over the previous year, accounting for 94.7% of the total traffic.

Figure 3-1 Mobile Internet Traffic and Monthly DOU Growth from 2015 to 2020

Figure 3-2 Current Traffic and DOU of Mobile Internet Access in 2020

(B) Mobile SMS business is still out of sync, voice business continues to decline.

In 2020, the national mobile SMS business volume increased by 18.1% over the previous year, and the growth rate decreased by 14.1 percentage points over the previous year; The revenue of mobile short message service increased by 2.4% compared with the previous year, and the growth difference of mobile short message service decreased from 33% in the previous year to 15.7%. The influence of Internet application on voice service substitution continues to deepen. In 2020, the length of outgoing calls on mobile phones nationwide was 2.24 trillion minutes, down 6.2% from the previous year.

Figure 3-3 Growth of Mobile SMS Business and Revenue from 2015 to 2020

Figure 3-4 Growth of Mobile Phone Users and Calls from 2014 to 2019

Fourth, the network infrastructure capacity continued to upgrade.

(1) Investment in fixed assets grew rapidly, and the proportion of mobile investment continued to rise.

In 2020, the three basic telecommunications companies and China Tower Co., Ltd. completed a total investment of 407.2 billion yuan in fixed assets, an increase of 11% over the previous year, and the growth rate increased by 6.3 percentage points. Among them, the investment in fixed assets of mobile communication ranked first, with an investment of 215.4 billion yuan, accounting for 52.9% of the total investment, accounting for 5.1 percentage points higher than that of the previous year.

(2) The network infrastructure was optimized and upgraded, and the construction of 5G networks was steadily advanced.

Accelerate the construction of 5G networks, constantly eliminate blind spots in network coverage, improve network quality, enhance network supply and service capabilities, and continuously make new progress in the construction of a new generation of information and communication networks. In 2020, the length of new optical cable lines will be 4.28 million kilometers, and the total length of national optical cable lines has reached 51.69 million kilometers. By the end of 2020, the number of Internet broadband access ports reached 946 million, a net increase of 30.27 million over the end of last year. Among them, FTTH/0 ports reached 880 million, a net increase of 43.61 million over the end of last year, and the proportion of Internet access ports increased from 91.3% at the end of last year to 93%. The number of xDSL ports dropped to 6.49 million, accounting for 0.7%.

Figure 4-1 Development of Internet Broadband Access Ports from 2015 to 2020

In 2020, the total number of mobile communication base stations in China will reach 9.31 million, with a net increase of 900,000. Among them, the total number of 4G base stations reached 5.75 million, and urban areas achieved deep coverage. The construction of 5G network has been steadily advanced. According to the principle of moderate advancement, more than 600,000 new 5G base stations have been built, and all of them have opened more than 718,000. Among them, China Telecom and China Unicom have jointly built and shared more than 330,000 5G base stations, and the 5G network has covered cities above prefecture level and key counties and cities in China.

Figure 4-2 Development of Mobile Phone Base Station from 2015 to 2020

V. Coordinated development of the eastern, central and western regions

(A) the share of telecom business revenue by region is relatively stable.

In 2020, the proportion of telecom business revenue in the eastern and western regions will be 51% and 23.7% respectively, both increasing by 0.1 percentage points over the previous year; The central proportion was 19.6%, which was the same as the previous year; Northeast China accounted for 5.6%, down 0.2 percentage points from the previous year.

Figure 5-1 Proportion of Telecom Business Revenue in East, Central, West and Northeast China from 2015 to 2020

(2) The proportion of users with 100 megabits and above fixed Internet broadband access in Northeast China is leading.

By the end of 2020, the number of fixed Internet broadband access users with 100Mbps or above in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions reached 186.18 million, 108.38 million, 113.86 million and 26.2 million respectively, accounting for 88.9%, 90.8%, 90.3% and 91.2% of the broadband access users in this region, accounting for 2.8% and 91.2% higher than the previous year respectively.

Figure 5-2 penetration rate of fixed broadband access users with 100Mbps or above in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions from 2016 to 2019.

(3) The growth rate of mobile Internet traffic in the western region leads the country.

In 2020, the mobile Internet access traffic in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions will reach 70 billion GB, 35.7 billion GB, 50.5 billion GB and 9.34 billion GB respectively, up by 31.9%, 36.5%, 42.3% and 29% respectively over the previous year. The growth rate in the western region is 10.4, 5.8 and 13.3 higher than that in the eastern, central and northeastern regions respectively. In the month of December, the average household flow in the west reached 13.81/ household month, which was 2.02GB, 3.25GB and 3.78GB higher than that in the east, middle and northeast respectively.

Figure 5-3 Growth of Mobile Internet Access Traffic in East, Central, West and Northeast China from 2015 to 2020

　　Disappearing Small Dishes Comic Book/Li Xiaojun

　　● With the implementation of the anti-food waste law, small portions and half portions of food were once popular with consumers, and many merchants also launched related dishes in due course. But nowadays, few restaurants set up small dishes and half dishes offline. The main reason is that the cost of time, manpower and material resources has risen and the unit price has become more expensive.

　　● Compared with offline catering, small dishes on the take-away platform are easier to find, but there are also many problems: some restaurants have fewer categories, that is, the types of small dishes provided are much less than those of conventional dishes, generally only six or seven; Some restaurants are not cost-effective, that is, the amount of small dishes is less, but the price is not much cheaper.

　　● It is suggested that businesses should integrate the prevention of food and beverage waste into business processes and employee assessment; The take-away platform can add an "anti-waste" score to the evaluation feedback, which not only urges merchants to fulfill their anti-waste obligations, but also reminds consumers to pay attention to saving. At the same time, in view of the operating pressure of small and medium-sized restaurants, the take-away platform can consider giving certain support to small and medium-sized restaurants that offer small dishes and half dishes, such as reducing commission rates and providing digital support.

　　□ Our reporter Zhao Li

　　□ Intern of this newspaper Hu Miao

　　"We don’t have a small dish here, and we have never set it up." "We used to have half a dish, but it didn’t work well." … …

　　A few days ago, the reporter of Rule of Law Daily came to Xidan Joy City in Xicheng District and Shuangqiao wanda plaza in Chaoyang District, and visited more than 20 restaurants, including well-known chain restaurants and specialty shops such as barbecue, hot pot and spring cakes. It was found that almost no restaurants set small dishes and half dishes.

　　Among them, four restaurants originally set up small dishes and half dishes, which were later cancelled. The only noodle restaurant that serves small dishes did not mark small dishes on the menu. It was only after the reporter asked that it could provide small dishes.

　　Once, with the implementation of the anti-food waste law, small dishes and half dishes were once popular with consumers, and many merchants also launched related dishes in due course. In March this year, the China Consumers Association, together with seven industry associations, societies and chambers of commerce, jointly launched an initiative, including actively promoting small dishes and half dishes.

　　However, the reporter’s investigation found that there are not many restaurants offering small dishes and half dishes. Many consumers from Beijing and Tianjin told reporters that whether going to a restaurant for dinner or ordering take-away, they felt that small portions and half portions of food were not as much as before.

　　People can’t help asking: where have the small dishes and half dishes gone?

　　It’s hard to find a small dish in a restaurant.

　　Either no or cancel.

　　"When I ordered takeout for a while, I felt that there were quite a lot of small dishes. Now there are obviously fewer businesses offering small dishes." Ms. Lin, who works near the Financial Street in Xicheng District, Beijing, said.

　　On the issue of small portions, among the 50 consumers interviewed randomly by reporters, nearly 40 consumers have the same feelings as Ms. Lin.

　　Ms. Wen, a citizen of Beijing, remembers that when she ordered food on the take-away platform last year, many restaurants provided small dishes for one person, the price was one third or more cheaper than the normal amount, but it was almost gone this year. "I don’t know why small dishes and half dishes disappeared."

　　Mr. Zhao, a Beijing citizen, often goes to a nearby Sichuan restaurant for dinner after playing ball games. The food in this restaurant is relatively large, and the dishes that the ball friends like to eat are different. They asked the boss to provide small dishes and half dishes. As a result, the boss shirked it on the grounds that the chef was too troublesome. "Every time we get together, there will be a lot of dishes left, which is too wasteful."

　　Many people have had the experience of being rejected after asking for a small portion of food. Xiao Han, who went to college in Beijing, met a friend for dinner at a northeast restaurant near Wangfujing some time ago. Seeing that other customers ordered a large amount of food, Xiao Han was worried about waste, so he asked the waiter if he had a small dish and whether he could cook it. The other party replied that he could not. "We had to order food normally, but we didn’t finish it, and there was a lot left."

　　In order to further understand the setting of small dishes in the hotel, the reporter recently came to Xidan Joy City in Xicheng District, Beijing. At 7 o’clock in the evening, there were long queues at the gates of many restaurants. The reporter randomly asked more than 10 restaurants whether they provided small dishes. Only one noodle restaurant replied that "large and small dishes are not indicated on the menu, but small dishes can be provided according to customers’ requirements". The rest of the restaurants all said that "only normal dishes are available, and no small dishes are set".

　　In a pasta shop that specializes in six kinds of materials, such as fat sausage, fried belly, squid and shrimp sauce, the reporter noticed that there are only two choices on the menu, normal portion and increased portion after the price increase. In the face of the reporter’s question "If you can’t finish the normal portion, can you order a small portion?", the waiter of the store replied that "we are all normal portions here, and there is no small portion."

　　In wanda plaza, Shuangqiao, Chaoyang District, Beijing, the setting of small dishes is almost the same. The reporter still interviewed more than 10 restaurants at random, and the other party unanimously said that "small dishes are not provided", some replied "I never thought about setting it", and some said that "it was set before, but it was cancelled if the effect was not good".

　　The reporter also noticed a phenomenon: even if the same restaurant provides small dishes on the take-away platform, there is no option for small dishes if you go to the restaurant.

　　Ms. Fan, who works in Beijing, has encountered this problem. It is precisely because she ordered a small dish to take out in a restaurant. Once she happened to pass by this store, she wanted to order a small dish for dinner. As a result, there was no choice between a small dish and a half dish when ordering.

　　"I’m eating alone in a restaurant now. If I want to mix vegetarian and vegetarian dishes, I can only eat fast food like Lamian Noodles, because ordinary restaurants can only order normal food, and there will inevitably be a lot left." Ms. Fan said that some time ago, she went to a restaurant and ordered a vegetarian meal. As a result, the amount of food was super large. Finally, she had to pack it and ate leftovers for two days.

　　There is no standard for quantitative pricing.

　　Customers think it is not cost-effective

　　Although restaurants that don’t offer small dishes are annoying to consumers, some restaurants that offer small dishes are not happy.

　　The reporter’s investigation found that compared with offline catering, small dishes on the take-away platform are easier to find, but there are also many problems: some restaurants have fewer categories, that is, the types of small dishes provided are much less than those of conventional dishes, generally only six or seven, and only one or two are rare; Some restaurants are not cost-effective, that is, the amount of small dishes is less, but the price is not much cheaper.

　　Some interviewees opened a take-away platform for reporters to see that the price of a small portion of hot and sour potato chips in a certain store is 15 yuan, while the price of a normal portion is 18 yuan, only 3 yuan. "The weight is reduced by half, but the price is only reduced by a little, which is too unreasonable."

　　Xiao Yang, a graduate student in Beijing, also noticed this problem. She calculated an account: some small dishes and half dishes are only one-third of the large dishes, but the price is half of the large dishes; Some small dishes with a weight of 1 person are almost two-thirds of the normal vegetable price, or even less. "Many restaurants only mark ‘ 1 person ’ There is no specific gram, so it is only cheaper for businesses, and it is very difficult for consumers to benefit. "

　　The reporter saw on a take-away platform that on the take-away menu of a restaurant, kung pao chicken was priced at 38 yuan /1 box, and small portions were priced at 26 yuan /1 person. The specific weight of 1 box and 1 person was not marked. On the take-away menu of another restaurant, the small portion and the normal amount of fish-flavored shredded pork are 26 yuan and 39 yuan respectively, and their portions are all marked as "1 box". There is also a restaurant’s take-away fried chicken. The small portion is different from the normal amount in 10 yuan, and the weight is marked as "about 350g".

　　The reporter then compared the large portions and small portions of several dishes on the take-away platform, and found that some small portions have only one-third of the Caicai amount of large portions, and the price is half or even more than that of large portions.

　　Although some merchants provide small dishes and half dishes, they have set delivery thresholds, such as clearly marking "No delivery for a single dish" or "The price of a small dish cannot meet the delivery standard". "We can only order multiple small dishes with full discounts and coupons, and we have to use multiple packaging boxes. In this way, the price is much higher and it causes a lot of waste." Xiao Yang said.

　　The reporter noticed that some consumers spit on the take-away platform that merchants did not indicate the specifications and weight of small dishes, which made it difficult for them to estimate the actual weight of dishes. Sometimes they clearly ordered small dishes and received too many dishes, which eventually led to waste. Some consumers say that the price of small dishes is almost the same as that of large dishes. Instead of letting merchants take advantage, it is better to order large dishes.

　　Popularize the concept of nutritional balance

　　Subsidy support should be in place

　　Promoting small portions and half portions of dishes is a concrete starting point of "CD Action". In recent years, after active publicity and guidance, this good idea of practicing economy once became the "new standard" of the catering industry.

　　The Insight Report on Small Dishes in 2022 released by a platform at the end of last year showed that the number of users searching for "small dishes" on the platform exceeded 130,000 times per day. As of September 2022, the sales volume of small dishes increased by 114.5% compared with the same period in 2020.

　　Seeing that the market is getting hot, why don’t many businesses follow the trend? Why do many consumers feel that there are fewer businesses offering small dishes?

　　Some merchants told reporters that because the cooking methods and processes of small dishes are the same as those of large dishes, the workload of chefs has increased, and there are more tableware to be washed, and the cost of time, manpower and material resources has risen, so the unit price is more expensive.

　　"In the Chinese food industry, dishes have to go through a complicated processing process, and the labor cost of each dish will increase accordingly. Cooking small dishes will consume the same labor cost as cooking large dishes, but the profit is much lower, and I dare not raise prices at will, so I simply don’t cook small dishes." Mr. Liu, who runs a small and medium-sized hotel in Beijing, said.

　　There are also hotel operators who have calculated such an account for reporters: for two people to eat, the table area usually selected is four people, and one course is calculated according to five minutes. In the past, the normal weight only needed to order two courses, and the kitchen took 10 minutes. Now, it takes 15 to 20 minutes for customers to order three or four small dishes. As the workload of the stove and chef increases, the serving time will slow down, the time for customers to occupy the table will become longer, the turnover rate will decrease, and the profit will decline.

　　The interviewed hotel operators pointed out that if they can’t find a balance between business model and avoiding waste, the introduction of small dishes and half dishes will lead to higher hotel costs, which is the fundamental reason why they are reluctant to provide small dishes and half dishes.

　　Cheng Shengkui, a researcher at the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and chairman of the Chinese Society of Natural Resources, found that different regions with different levels of economic development have different demands for small dishes. "Consumers in economically developed cities generally feel that the amount of food in hotels is too large, hoping to introduce small dishes. Consumers who often engage in manual labor may ask for a larger amount of food. "

　　Therefore, Cheng Shengkui suggested that low-end restaurants can continue to ensure the weight of food, and middle-and high-end restaurants can launch more small dishes to meet the actual needs of customers.

　　Li Guoxiang, a researcher at the Institute of Rural Development of China Academy of Social Sciences, analyzed that whether a restaurant can launch a small portion of dishes is mainly considered from the perspective of profit. In addition to small portions, catering enterprises in the future can also provide nutritious meals for customers from the perspective of nutrition. Whether online or offline, relevant departments should introduce policies to encourage and guide businesses to launch small dishes.

　　"The obstacles to promoting small dishes and nutritious meals are mainly the eating habits and social identity of the masses, and businesses and consumers must make certain changes. First of all, the media should popularize the concept of balanced diet and nutrition to consumers. After the change of consumers’ concept, catering enterprises will naturally comply with customers’ requirements to provide dishes with balanced nutrition ratio. At the same time, relevant departments should also give certain subsidies to hotels that provide small dishes. " Li Guoxiang said.

　　Zheng Fengtian, a professor at Renmin University of China, also believes that it is completely possible to indicate the specifications and calories of meals. From the health point of view, everyone needs to consume a certain amount of calories and protein every day. If the food is clearly marked, consumers can calculate it by themselves when buying, reducing waste and developing scientific and healthy eating habits.

　　"The Anti-Food Waste Law stipulates that catering service operators should make food according to the standard specifications, reasonably determine the quantity and weight, provide small meals and other different specifications, and must not induce or mislead consumers to order too much. Many catering businesses should take this regulation as a benchmark and take the initiative to undertake the main obligation to stop catering waste, so as to ensure the sustainable and healthy development of the entire catering industry on the basis of strict economy. At the same time, in view of the operating pressure of small and medium-sized restaurants, the takeaway platform may consider giving certain support to small and medium-sized restaurants that offer small dishes and half dishes, such as reducing commission rates and providing digital support. " Liu Junhai, a professor at Renmin University of China, said.

　　The experts interviewed agreed that the core meaning of promoting small portions of food is to stop food waste, which requires the majority of catering businesses and consumers to put the concept and actions of "practicing economy and opposing waste" in place. It is suggested that businesses should integrate stopping food and beverage waste into business processes and employee assessment; The take-away platform can add an "anti-waste" score to the evaluation feedback, which not only urges merchants to fulfill their anti-waste obligations, but also reminds consumers to pay attention to saving. At the same time, consumers also need to jointly safeguard the consumption culture atmosphere of "wasting shame and saving pride" and promote civilized consumption in the whole society.

The 23rd Shanghai TV Festival will be held from June 12th to 16th. Since the collection of works was launched in December last year, more than 700 works have applied to participate in the award selection of each unit. Among them, there are more than 70 domestic variety shows in the variety unit.

Due to the continuity of variety shows, many programs nominated last year have signed up for the competition this year with new highlights of the new season. Judging from the declared programs, although singing and star-challenge variety shows are still the mainstream, cultural variety shows have also shown a strong momentum by virtue of new "online celebrity" programs such as Chinese Poetry Conference, Reader and Seeing Words as Face.

In the variety environment with strong entertainment atmosphere, these three programs broke the state of star variety show with solid production standards and exquisite cultural content, and became the focus of audience’s hot discussion, bringing a fresh cultural wind to the impetuous variety environment.

Analysis of the reasons for its popularity, first of all, the continuous broadcast time, so that "Chinese Poetry Conference", "Reader" and "Seeing Words as Face" formed an uninterrupted wave of cultural variety. More importantly, the audience’s requirements for the content and quality of the program are growing, and cultural programs that can supplement the spiritual nutrition for the public obviously meet the needs of the viewing market.

At the same time, after recent years, the era of comedy variety blowout has passed, and the speed of innovation has decreased, but the quality and characteristics of the program have improved. With the development of science and technology, the amateur challenge variety show began to introduce artificial intelligence, and the confrontation between man and machine also attracted a lot of attention.

Next, Xiaobian will take stock of the outstanding variety shows worthy of attention in this year’s Magnolia Award entries from the aspects of culture, singing, star challenge, comedy and amateur challenge, and see if there are any works you like.

Culture category: a sudden emergence of a new force, igniting the national cultural fever.

At the 22nd Magnolia Awards Ceremony last year, the Chinese Poetry Conference won the Best Variety Column Award as a "dark horse", which opened the way for the rise of cultural variety.

In the second season of "Chinese Poetry Conference", Wu Yishu, a talented woman after 00, was born and became popular on the Internet, which also triggered the public’s pursuit of cultural variety.

Both "Seeing Words as Face" broadcast before and "The Reader" broadcast later have gained a good reputation with unique planning and excellent production, which also reflects the audience’s desire for such high-quality "spiritual food".

And "Let’s Talk" and "Extraordinary Ingenuity", which are known as the "open class of youth TV", also show the cultural charm of different forms of programs respectively.

Masterpiece:

The first season of "seeing words like faces"

The program originally originated from the British variety "Letter Live", which led the audience to relive the time and memories in the letters in the form of star reading letters. Most of the guests are powerful actors, and their strong lines and skills have a remarkable effect on restoring the feelings of letters.

The Reader Season 1

Among the "readers", the word "reading aloud" is heavy, and the word "zhe" is heavy on people. Each program invites 4-6 guests to share their stories while reading aloud, including many historical witnesses such as Xu Yuanchong and Pan Jiluan. The combination of reading aloud and stories is more touching.

Singing category: revision and innovation, and chorus of stars and elements become a trend.

Since the "Song Restriction Order" in 2013, the ever-lasting singing programs once fell into a trough. However, with the growth of the originality of variety shows, not only some revised old programs such as "New Songs of China" and "Masked Singers Will Guess" glow with new vitality, but also a wave of new programs featuring new forms, which has once again triggered the upsurge of singing variety shows.

In addition to popular programs such as The Battle of Nature, The Voice of Dreams and I Want to Sing with You, the cross-border song king, which focuses on cross-border challenges, is also eye-catching. In addition, "Ding Luo Long Dong Choke" uses a mix of pop and tradition to perfectly show traditional art.

Masterpiece:

Cross-border song king season 1

Bringing together many stars who are active in the fields of film and television, entertainment, etc., showing their little-known but amazing musical talents. The inspirational setting of "regaining the dream of music" and the wonderful performance of cross-border singers have given the audience many surprises.

The battle of nature season 1

It is the first time for amateur singers to challenge star singers. Putting amateur and star singers on the same stage can not only feel the tension and excitement of amateur counterattack, but also get a panoramic view of the little-known side of stars.

Star challenge category: the mainstream position stands firm

Since Happy Camp, although the form has changed several times, variety shows with star challenges as the main content have always occupied the mainstream position. Especially after the appearance of outdoor "phenomenal" variety shows such as Running Man’s Extreme Challenge, similar outdoor variety shows have emerged in an endless stream with different themes, such as Real Man, which focuses on the military, or Come on, which focuses on sports. Champion, even Geek Departure with novel technology as its theme, is in the forefront in terms of ratings and topic.

In terms of indoor variety, "Ace to Ace" can be called a leader and representative.

Masterpiece:

Ace to Ace Season 2

At the moment when outdoor reality shows are popular, we insist on the mode of indoor star competition challenge, and every issue can invite many stars to participate in the carefully designed theme PK. You can often reproduce or pay tribute to the classic IP in the program.

Real Men Season 2 Air Force

Let the male and female stars with different personalities go deep into the first-line troops and experience the real life in the military camp. The joining of several "female men" has added a lot of freshness.

This season, with the theme of the Air Force, while showing the different faces of the stars, the audience also saw the "mysterious" life of Air Force officers and soldiers.

The geek set out season 1

Breaking the traditional model, exploring the relationship between people and technology and the development direction by showing the application challenges of various cutting-edge technologies in real life, the future is full of science and technology.

Comedy: pioneering and innovative, with obvious characteristics.

In the modern society where the pressure of life is high, comedy has always been an indispensable product in people’s lives. However, after the blowout and "escape" in 2014, comedy variety shows not only advocated that content quality is king like the legendary swordsman, but also comedy story and Happy Chinese began to expand their works in different forms. The combination of the two has achieved remarkable results.

Masterpiece:

Happy Chinese Season 1

With families as the unit, nearly 100 families came to compete for the title of "Happy Chinese". The program focuses on the original ecological and grounded amateur reality show, bringing the most authentic folk humor to the stage.

Amateur Challenge Class: High-tech Artificial Intelligence Frequently Appears

From Happy Dictionary, which was the first popular program in China, to once-popular programs such as One Enemy Hundred and now super brain, amateur challenge programs have been "evolving" for many years. Due to the progress of science and technology, the way and content of the challenge are constantly revised, and various scientific and technological elements are increasingly integrated into the program. For example, One Stop to the End has entered the era of artificial intelligence.

However, the challenge program of human body skills and spirit represented by "Challenge Impossible" can still gain many fans.

Masterpiece:

Challenge Impossible Season 2

It covers the extreme challenges in many fields, such as skills, physical fitness and brain power, and focuses on the extraordinary skills of ordinary people to surpass the extreme challenges of ordinary people and show the extraordinary energy of ordinary life.

Super brain Season 4

As a program focusing on spreading brain science and mental competition, a group of brainpower experts with strange "abilities" were invited to challenge PK. This season, artificial intelligence robots were introduced, which attracted a lot of attention through man-machine battle.

At the beginning of this month, the owner Xiao Han drove to a gas station of Sinopec in the province. He didn’t come to refuel or rest, but came to experience the newly installed power exchange service here. Xiao Han drove his car into the preparation area outside the power exchange station. After parking the car, he turned on the power exchange with one button according to the screen prompts, and then the automatic parking system slowly moved the vehicle into the power exchange garage. Five minutes later, the car was "fully charged" again. "Too convenient, too smart!" Xiao Han expressed surprise at the efficiency of power exchange. The reporter noted that while the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology recently launched the pilot application of the new energy vehicle power exchange mode in 11 cities, Sinopec and BP are also accelerating the layout of the service network for gas station power exchange. Behind the rapid entry of capital from all parties, the wind has come for the power exchange mode, which is rapidly "starting" under the dual promotion of China’s policies and markets.

　　New phenomenon:Power exchange station and gas station "coexist in one room"

　　During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, many new energy vehicles were waiting in long queues at the expressway charging station. For example, the large-scale participation of "changing electricity" mode can at least solve the problem of rapid recharge of some new energy vehicles.

　　"Build 5,000 intelligent charging and replacing power stations by 2025." This is the goal set by Sinopec in April this year. Half a year later, the first batch of Guangdong charging and replacing integrated stations jointly operated by Sinopec and Weilai were put into use in some gas stations in the province. Similar intelligent charging and replacing power stations have also been operated in Beijing and other places. The reporter recently visited some Sinopec gas stations and noticed that in the new charging and replacing station, in addition to the replacing equipment like a giant box, there are two brand-new charging piles standing next to it. The on-site staff told reporters that in addition to the power exchange business, it can also meet the fast charging demand of electric vehicles for 30 minutes.

　　At the beginning of November, BP and Aodong New Energy also set up a joint venture company to start the process of laying out and building a service network for power stations in China. Zhang Jianping, co-chairman of Aodong New Energy, which specializes in developing power exchange technology, told reporters: "These shared power exchange stations are equivalent to gas stations, similar to the user scenarios of gas stations." Undoubtedly, the utilization rate of the public market is higher, and "sharing a room" with gas stations is one of the best paths for rapid popularization. It is reported that Aodong New Energy has cooperated with 14 mainstream car companies including GAC, FAW, BAIC, SAIC, Chang ‘an and Dongfeng to develop more than 24 battery-changing models, and built more than 500 battery-changing stations together with PetroChina and Sinopec.

　　Technical update:The power exchange efficiency is faster and the safety is monitored.

　　If it is said that a few years ago, the power exchange mode of new energy vehicles was that individual car companies such as BAIC and Weilai were "crossing the river by feeling the stones" and making small troubles, now with the participation of these gas station giants, using their networks to plan power exchange stations not only makes the large-scale development of power exchange stations faster, but also helps to extend the power battery format to the energy storage battery format.

　　The reporter was informed that the iteration of power exchange technology is paving the way for popularization. The new batch of charging and replacing power stations put into use by Sinopec adopts Weilai’s second generation power station replacement technology. "It takes more than three minutes to change the battery at the earliest, and it can meet the power change demand of 312 trains in one day." Technicians told reporters that compared with the first generation power station changing technology, the second generation technology has the advantages of quickly unlocking the battery, increasing the battery recycling cache, lowering the fully charged battery for standby, and designing the double-track warehouse. The battery capacity has also increased from 4 to 13, and the battery reserve has increased by more than 3 times.

　　Is it safe for charging and replacing power stations to coexist with gas stations? Zhang Jianping pointed out that the main cause of automobile battery fire is "thermal runaway", and various monitoring means, including vision, smoke sense and temperature sense, and BMS mechanism, can be used to monitor and find hidden dangers in time and solve them. In addition, there is a safe distance between the gas station and the power exchange station.

　　The tuyere is coming:This year, 33,600 new power exchange enterprises have been added.

　　The data shows that, encouraged by relevant policies and markets, all parties’ capitals have accelerated their bets. In the past decade, the number of registered enterprises related to power exchange in China has been on the rise, especially in 2020. According to Sky Eye Survey, as of the end of October this year, there were 67,500 power exchange-related enterprises in China. In the first 10 months of this year, the number of new power exchange-related enterprises has reached 33,600, a year-on-year increase of 184.83%. From the perspective of regional distribution, Jiangsu, Shandong and Guangdong ranked the top three in terms of the number of power exchange-related enterprises. In terms of urban distribution, Guangzhou ranks first with 3,264.

　　The two securities companies also gave optimistic forecasts for "power exchange". Orient securities pointed out that the efficient way of recharging electricity can reduce the bottleneck of recharging new energy vehicles at present, and the difficulties in the mode of recharging electricity are gradually breaking through. It is estimated that the proportion of recharging vehicles will reach 30% in 2025, which will bring hundreds of billions of markets to the construction, operation and equipment of recharging stations, and will enter a period of rapid growth during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. Founder Securities Research Report shows that the new energy vehicle power exchange station will face the 2B market and the high-end 2C market. When the business model and power exchange technology gradually mature, the switching of heavy trucks, buses and operating passenger cars will be accelerated. It is estimated that by 2025, the total sales volume of power exchange vehicles will exceed 3 million, and the scale of supporting power exchange stations will exceed 28,000.

　　The reporter noticed that in Guangzhou, the new energy vehicles that were popularized in the taxi industry are cutting into a larger private market. In order to solve users’ concerns about the quality of rechargeable batteries, at present, new energy vehicles such as Aodong and Weilai, which are separated from each other, provide cheap battery rental prices and life-cycle management services for batteries. After the battery is stripped off and the whole vehicle is sold, the price of the whole vehicle is also more close to the people, which lowers the purchase threshold.

　　observe

　　Policy overweight Power exchange mode is beneficial to the goal of "double carbon"

　　The current national policy gives a clear development direction to the power exchange model. The reporter noticed that the power exchange mode has been clearly supported at the national level since last year. At last year’s National People’s Congress, the power exchange station became an important part of the new infrastructure, and was written into the Government Work Report for the first time. This year’s "Government Work Report" of the two sessions also expanded "building charging piles" to "adding charging piles, changing power stations and other facilities". The power exchange station has entered the "Government Work Report" for two consecutive years, which shows that power exchange is highly valued as an efficient way to replenish energy.

　　On October 28th, the General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of the New Energy Vehicle Switching Mode Application, officially launched the pilot work, and announced 11 cities included in the pilot scope. The "Notice" makes it clear that the overall promotion goal of this pilot project is to promote 100,000 electric vehicles and 1,000 electric power stations, including breaking through the key technologies of electric products, opening up the approval process of infrastructure, establishing a supervision platform for electric vehicles, improving the technical standard system for electric vehicles, forming an industrial ecology of electric vehicles and building a policy support system for electric vehicles.

　　Under the background of "double carbon" goal, the relevant ministries and commissions of the country have issued a number of documents to promote the power exchange mode, which can play an important role in energy conservation and emission reduction. For example, the goal of these pilot cities announced by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is to "strive to achieve fuel saving of 700+10,000 tons/year and carbon emission reduction of 200+ 10,000 tons/year". (Guangzhou Daily, all-media reporter Deng Li)

Original title: "change power" mode to run!　　

　　"Why do children catch a cold as soon as they go to kindergarten?" "My child is a new junior one, and he has repeated respiratory infections from time to time, which has an impact on his study and life. How to enhance his immunity?" It’s the school season again, and children who get sick as soon as they go to school begin to make their parents nervous again. When the temperature changes suddenly every year, the number of small patients in the pediatric clinic of the hospital increases.

　　Experts from the First Hospital of Changsha City give advice to parents on how to prevent recurrent respiratory infections in autumn and let children spend their school life healthily.

　　A Why can’t a child catch a cold and root it?

　　Xiaolong, who has just been in kindergarten for a few months, is a lively and active child. He looks dignified and sturdy, but his mother always sighs. It turns out that after going to kindergarten, Xiaolong will "catch a cold" every once in a while, coughing, runny nose, etc., and sometimes he has a fever and even pneumonia twice. Xiaolong’s mother said helplessly that because she often went to the hospital, doctors and nurses in the hospital pediatrics became "familiar faces".

　　Xiaolong takes some oral drugs or fluids in the hospital for a few days at a time, and he will get well soon, but he always feels that he can’t cut off his roots. Because he is often sick, he has to ask for leave from the kindergarten teacher. Xiaolong’s mother said worriedly, "When I was born, I heard from the older generation that when the child is older, my body will be better after I was 3 years old. How can I get sick when I go to kindergarten now, and I run to the hospital one after another, worrying about the side effects of drugs, no matter how worried he is about the aggravation of symptoms or even pneumonia?"

　　Mei Mei, a new junior high school student, had a general physique when he was a child. With the aggravation of study tasks, he studied longer and longer every day. Sometimes he did his homework until late and had symptoms of respiratory infection from time to time. Mei Mei’s parents want to enhance her immunity. Some people say that it is good to drink oral liquid, while others say that Chinese patent medicine is good. Mei Mei’s mother doesn’t know whether her child can take immunomodulators, which is very tangled.

　　B The diagnostic criteria of recurrent respiratory tract infection are different at different ages.

　　What exactly is recurrent respiratory infection? What are the causes of recurrent respiratory infections? How should parents and children treat and prevent it?

　　According to the chief physician Wang Xiangyun, director of pediatrics department of Changsha First Hospital, respiratory tract infection is the most common disease among children. According to statistics, every child in developing countries suffers from 4.2 ~ 8.7 respiratory tract infections every year, most of which are upper respiratory tract infections, and the incidence of pneumonia is 10 times per 100 children every year. Respiratory tract infection is divided into upper respiratory tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection. Upper respiratory tract infection is a general term for inflammation of nasal cavity, pharynx or larynx, and it is also commonly diagnosed with terms such as cold, rhinitis, pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis and tonsillitis, which is referred to as "upper sensation" for short. Lower respiratory tract infection refers to tracheobronchitis and pneumonia. The onset is mostly acute, and the only mild symptoms are nasal symptoms, such as runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing, tears and throat discomfort. If the infection involves the nasopharynx, there are often fever, sore throat, tonsillitis, congestion and hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue in the posterior pharyngeal wall, and sometimes lymphadenopathy. There are also some manifestations of vomiting and diarrhea, which are more common in infants and children, and are clinically called "gastrointestinal cold". In severe cases, there may be persistent high fever, frequent cough, shortness of breath, poor mental health, and severe systemic symptoms.

　　Recurrent respiratory tract infection means that the frequency of respiratory tract infection is too frequent in one year, exceeding a certain range. Different ages have different diagnostic criteria, which can be divided into repeated upper respiratory tract infections and repeated lower respiratory tract infections. Repeated upper respiratory tract infection refers to the infection of infants under two years old ≥ Seven times a year, children aged 2-5 years old were infected with ≥ Six times a year, children aged 5-14 were infected with ≥ 5 times/year; Repeated lower respiratory tract infections include repeated tracheobronchitis and repeated pneumonia. Repeated tracheobronchitis refers to the infection of infants under 2 years old ≥ Three times a year, children aged 2-5 were infected with ≥ Twice a year, children aged 5-14 were infected with ≥ 2 times per year; Repeated pneumonia, regardless of age, as long as it is infected ≥ It can be diagnosed twice a year. The interval between two infections is at least 7 days.

　　C blindly pursuing cough relieving effect aggravates the condition.

　　Wang Xiangyun said that there are many reasons for recurrent respiratory infections, including the following aspects.

　　Immature or low immune function: children are in the period of growth and development, and their immune function is obviously different from that of adults. Most of them are immature or low, even at different ages. For example, the content of immunoglobulin IgA is almost zero at birth, and it only approaches the adult level when it is 11 ~ 12 years old. Among them, secretory IgA is the main immunoglobulin in respiratory secretions, which plays an important role in the first line of anti-infection defense, so children are more prone to respiratory infections.

　　Improper nursing: After suffering from respiratory infection, many parents are worried that it is caused by catching cold, knowing that the weather is hot, or letting their children wear more clothes, resulting in high fever. Wipe the whole body with alcohol after fever, which may lead to alcoholism or allergies; Some parents blindly pursue the effect of relieving cough, but use antitussive drugs, which leads to sputum secretion not being discharged, but aggravates the condition.

　　Admission to nursery institutions, initial stage of enrollment and environmental factors: nursery institutions and schools are a public environment, and children are not used to school just now, so they can’t adapt to the changes of the environment well, and there are many children. When one person catches a cold, other children don’t know how to prevent themselves, and they are in close contact with each other, which is easy to cross-infect. The northern part of China is in the cold and changeable winter and spring season, while the southern part is more likely to cause respiratory tract infections in the rainy season with high humidity in summer and autumn. At the same time, air pollution, passive smoking and other environmental factors can lead to repeated respiratory infections.

　　Unbalanced nutrition: Some children are partial to food, picky eaters and anorexia, which leads to unbalanced nutrition, and they are more prone to respiratory infections than other children.

　　Chronic focus and basic diseases: Some children are more prone to recurrent respiratory infections than normal children because of chronic focus such as rhinitis, sinusitis and chronic tonsillitis, and basic diseases such as congenital immunodeficiency.

　　D treating virus-infected people without abusing antibiotics.

　　The purpose of clinical treatment is to reduce the number of respiratory tract infections.

　　The first is to find the cause and treat the underlying diseases. The most common pathogenic factor of recurrent upper respiratory tract infection in children is pathogen invasion, and the most common are viruses, bacteria and atypical pathogenic microorganisms. Anti-infection treatment for pathogens should not abuse antibiotics for highly suspected virus-infected people, and at the same time strengthen the treatment of basic diseases.

　　Secondly, immunomodulator therapy can be performed. The use of immunomodulators can enhance the immune function of respiratory tract, effectively reduce the frequency of recurrent respiratory tract infections and the use of antibacterial drugs.

　　Third, we must do symptomatic treatment. According to different age and illness, we should correctly choose expectorant, antiasthmatic, antitussive and other drugs, atomization therapy, lung posture drainage and lung physical therapy.

　　In addition, vaccination can be carried out reasonably; Strengthen nutrition, reasonable diet, supplement trace elements and vitamins; Arrange study and life reasonably, adjust the schedule of work and rest, pay attention to the combination of work and rest, not be overtired, and take appropriate outdoor activities and exercise to enhance physical fitness; Avoid passive smoking and odor stimulation, and keep the indoor air fresh.

　　Related links

　　These tests are needed to identify recurrent respiratory infections.

　　Detection of pathogenic microorganisms: it is suggested to actively improve the joint detection of pathogens to determine what kind of pathogen infection it is. For example, anti-streptolysin O can be checked by blood sampling, which is the most common bacterium that causes tonsil suppuration; Nasopharyngeal swab examination of adenovirus and influenza virus antigen further clarified the cause of respiratory tract infection.

　　Otolaryngology examination: Some congenital developmental abnormalities and acute and chronic otorhinolaryngology infection foci such as adenoid hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis can be found directly through preliminary otolaryngology examination or nasopharyngeal laryngoscope.

　　Determination of immune function: primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases can be found through detection of humoral immune function and cellular immune function. For example, selective IgA deficiency can lead to repeated respiratory infections.

　　Chest X-ray, lung CT and airway and vascular reconstruction: It can effectively find out the location of lung lesions, whether there are abnormal airway and lung development, airway stenosis, bronchiectasis, vascular compression and so on.

　　Bronchoscopy: The foreign body in the airway, airway obstruction and external tracheal compression, airway dysplasia and bronchiectasis can be diagnosed directly under the microscope.

　　Color Doppler echocardiography can provide diagnostic reference for recurrent respiratory tract infection caused by congenital heart disease.

　　Special examination: for example, if you suspect that you have primary ciliary dyskinesia, which leads to repeated cough and expectoration, you can perform respiratory mucosa biopsy to observe ciliary structure and function.

　　What kinds of immunomodulators can be used in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections and what are their contraindications?

　　First, immune system products

　　1. Thymosin: It can be used for the treatment of repeated respiratory tract infections caused by various primary or secondary T-lymphocyte deficiency diseases, and it is forbidden for allergic people.

　　2. Poly-myocyte: used for adjuvant treatment such as recurrent respiratory tract infections, and it is forbidden for allergic people.

　　Second, the chemical synthesis agent

　　1. Levamisole tablets: used for immunomodulation treatment of children’s recurrent respiratory tract infections, allergic rhinitis, allergic cough, bronchial asthma, atopic eczema and chronic urticaria, etc. It is forbidden for patients with liver and renal insufficiency.

　　2. Cimetidine: used as adjuvant therapy for allergic diseases, some refractory autoimmune diseases, recurrent respiratory infections, oral ulcers, etc. It is forbidden to use with central anticholinergic drugs at the same time, and it is forbidden to patients with severe heart and respiratory diseases, liver and renal insufficiency and organic encephalopathy. It is not recommended for children under 3 years old.

　　Iii. Biological agents

　　1. Bestin: used for the treatment of children’s recurrent respiratory infections and the immune regulation of abnormal diseases. It is not recommended for children with primary phagocytosis or humoral immune deficiency and infants under 1 year old.

　　2. Pantotrichum: It is suitable for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of recurrent respiratory infections, acute respiratory infections and allergic diseases. Allergic to pantothenic protein, autoimmune diseases (caused by antigen-antibody complex related to bacterial infection),

　　3. Transfer factor: it is suitable for adjuvant treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infections, infectious diseases, allergic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Allergy is forbidden.

　　4. BCG polysaccharide nucleic acid: used for preventing and treating recurrent respiratory tract infections, bronchial asthma, recurrent eczema, urticaria and other diseases. It is forbidden for people who are allergic to this preparation, patients with tuberculosis infection, other acute infectious diseases (such as measles, whooping cough, pneumonia, etc.) and children with acute infection.

　　5. Intravenous injection of human immunoglobulin (IVIG): In addition to primary and partial secondary immunodeficiency diseases, it can be used for some diseases related to autoimmune response such as premature delivery infection and intractable epilepsy, and plays an immunomodulatory role. It is forbidden to those who are allergic to IVIG or have other severe allergic history, and those who have selective IgA deficiency of anti-IgA antibody.

　　Iv. immunomodulators derived from plant medicines

　　1. Yupingfeng Granule: Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, allergic cough, bronchial asthma, atopic eczema and chronic urticaria in children. In addition, it can be used as an immunomodulator for children with autoimmune diseases with local and systemic secondary immune dysfunction caused by long-term inhalation or oral corticosteroids. Use with caution during acute infection and fever.

　　2. Fuganlin oral liquid: repeated respiratory infections, cough variant asthma, and viral respiratory infections secondary to treatment with immunosuppressants. This medicine has no special contraindication.

　　3. Huangqi Granule: allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in children. In addition, autoimmune diseases with low immune function caused by oral corticosteroids, especially children with nephrotic syndrome, can be used as immunomodulators. Patients with cold and fever, acute infection and diabetes are forbidden to take it. (Xu Yuan Hoang Cam Instructor Wang Xiangyun, Director and Chief Physician of Pediatrics, Changsha First Hospital)