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　　On April 27th, the famous physicist stephen hawking gave a video speech at the Global Mobile Internet Conference held in Beijing. In his speech, Hawking reiterated that the rise of artificial intelligence is either the best thing or the worst thing for human beings. He believes that human beings need to be alert to the threat of artificial intelligence development. Because once the artificial intelligence breaks away from the bondage and redesigns itself in an accelerating state, human beings will not be able to compete with it because of the limitation of long biological evolution, thus being replaced.

　　The following is Hawking’s speech:

　　In my life, I have witnessed profound changes in society. One of the most profound changes, which has an increasing influence on human beings, is the rise of artificial intelligence. To put it simply, I think the rise of powerful artificial intelligence is either the best thing or the worst thing in human history. I have to say, whether it is good or bad is still uncertain. But we should do our best to ensure that its future development is beneficial to us and our environment. We have no choice. I think the development of artificial intelligence itself is a trend with problems, and these problems must be solved now and in the future.

　　The research and development of artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly. Maybe all of us should pause for a moment and shift our research duplication from improving the ability of artificial intelligence to maximizing the social benefits of artificial intelligence. Based on this consideration, american association for artificial intelligence (AAAI) set up a forum on the long-term future of artificial intelligence in 2008-2009, and they have recently invested a lot of attention in the purpose-oriented neutral technology. But our artificial intelligence system needs to work according to our will. Interdisciplinary research is a possible way forward: it extends from economics, law and philosophy to computer security, formal methods and, of course, various branches of artificial intelligence itself.

　　Everything produced by civilization is the product of human intelligence. I believe that there is no essential difference between what the biological brain can achieve and what the computer can achieve. Therefore, it follows the principle that computers can imitate human intelligence in theory and then surpass it. But we are not sure, so we can’t know whether we will be helped by artificial intelligence indefinitely, despised and marginalized, or probably destroyed by it. Indeed, we are worried that smart machines will be able to replace the jobs that human beings are doing and quickly eliminate millions of jobs.

　　While artificial intelligence has been developing from primitive form and proved to be very useful, I am also worried about the result of creating something that can equal or surpass human beings: once artificial intelligence is out of bondage, it will redesign itself in an accelerating state. Limited by the long biological evolution, human beings cannot compete with it and will be replaced. This will bring great damage to our economy. In the future, artificial intelligence can develop from my will, a will that conflicts with us. Although I have always been optimistic about human beings, others believe that human beings can control the development of technology for a long time, so that we can see the potential of artificial intelligence to solve most problems in the world. But I’m not sure.

　　While artificial intelligence has been developing from primitive form and proved to be very useful, I am also worried about the result of creating something that can equal or surpass human beings: once artificial intelligence is out of bondage, it will redesign itself in an accelerating state. Limited by the long biological evolution, human beings cannot compete with it and will be replaced. This will bring great damage to our economy. In the future, artificial intelligence can develop from my will, a will that conflicts with us. Although I have always been optimistic about human beings, others believe that human beings can control the development of technology for a long time, so that we can see the potential of artificial intelligence to solve most problems in the world. But I’m not sure.

　　In January 2015, I signed an open letter on artificial intelligence with elon musk, a technology entrepreneur, and many other artificial intelligence experts, with the aim of advocating serious research on the impact of artificial intelligence on society. Before this, elon musk warned people that superhuman artificial intelligence may bring immeasurable benefits, but if it is not deployed properly, it may bring the opposite effect to human beings. I am with him on the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Institute for the Future of Life, an organization to alleviate the existing risks faced by mankind, and the aforementioned open letter was also drafted by this organization. This open letter calls for direct research that can prevent potential problems, at the same time, it also gains the potential benefits brought by artificial intelligence, and at the same time, it is committed to making artificial intelligence researchers pay more attention to artificial intelligence security. In addition, for policy makers and the general public, this open letter is informative and not alarmist. Everyone knows that artificial intelligence researchers are seriously thinking about these concerns and ethical issues, and we think this is very important. For example, artificial intelligence has the potential to eradicate diseases and poverty, but researchers must be able to create controllable artificial intelligence. The open letter with only four paragraphs entitled "Priority should be given to the study of powerful and beneficial artificial intelligence" made detailed arrangements for the research priorities in its attached 12-page document.

　　In the past 20 years, artificial intelligence has been focusing on the problems arising from the construction of intelligent agents, that is, various systems that can perceive and act in specific environments. In this case, intelligence is a rational concept related to statistics and economics. Generally speaking, this is the ability to make good decisions, plans and inferences. Based on these works, a large number of integration and cross-breeding have been applied in artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, cybernetics, neuroscience, and other fields. The establishment of sharing theoretical framework, combined with the ability of data supply and processing, has achieved remarkable success in various subdivided fields. Such as speech recognition, image classification, automatic driving, machine translation, gait movement and question answering system.

　　With the development of these fields, a virtuous circle is formed from laboratory research to economically valuable technologies. Even a small performance improvement will bring huge economic benefits, and then encourage longer-term and greater investment and research. At present, it is widely recognized that the research of artificial intelligence is developing steadily, and its influence on society is likely to expand, and its potential benefits are enormous. Since everything produced by civilization is the product of human intelligence; We can’t predict what we may achieve when this intelligence is amplified by artificial intelligence tools. However, as I said, it is not impossible to eradicate disease and poverty. Because of the great potential of artificial intelligence, it is very important to study how to benefit and avoid risks.

　　Now, the research on artificial intelligence is developing rapidly. This study can be discussed in the short and long term. Some short-term concerns are about driverless driving, from civilian drones to autonomous vehicles. For example, in an emergency, a driverless car has to choose between a big accident with small risk and a small accident with high probability. Another concern is lethal intelligent autonomous weapons. Should they be banned? If so, how to define "autonomy" accurately. If not, how to be accountable for any improper use and fault. There are other concerns. Artificial intelligence can gradually interpret the privacy and concerns caused by a large number of monitoring data, and how to manage the economic impact caused by artificial intelligence replacing jobs.

　　The long-term concern is mainly the potential risk that the artificial intelligence system is out of control. With the rise of super intelligence that does not follow human wishes, that powerful system threatens human beings. Is it possible to have such a misplaced result? If so, how did these situations arise? What kind of research should we invest in order to better understand and solve the possibility of the rise of dangerous super intelligence, or the emergence of intelligent outbreaks?

　　At present, the tools to control artificial intelligence technology, such as reinforcement learning and simple and practical functions, are not enough to solve this problem. Therefore, we need further research to find and confirm a reliable solution to control this problem.

　　Recent milestones, such as the self-driving car mentioned earlier and the artificial intelligence winning the Go game, are all signs of future trends. Huge investment has been poured into this technology. What we have achieved now is bound to be dwarfed by what we may achieve in the next few decades. And we are far from predicting what we can achieve when our minds are magnified by artificial intelligence. Perhaps with the help of this new technological revolution, we can solve the damage caused by some industrialization to nature. All aspects of our lives are about to be changed. In short, the success of artificial intelligence may be the biggest event in the history of human civilization.

　　But artificial intelligence may also be the end of human civilization, unless we learn how to avoid danger. I once said that the all-round development of artificial intelligence may lead to the extinction of mankind, such as maximizing the use of intelligent autonomous weapons. Earlier this year, I and some scientists from all over the world supported its ban on nuclear weapons at the United Nations meeting. We are anxiously awaiting the result of the negotiation. At present, nine nuclear powers can control about 14,000 nuclear weapons, and any one of them can raze cities. Radioactive waste will pollute farmland in a large area, and the most terrible harm is to induce nuclear winter. Fire and smoke will lead to the global Little Ice Age. This result has caused the global food system to collapse, with doomsday turmoil, which is likely to lead to the death of most people. As scientists, we bear a special responsibility for nuclear weapons, because it is scientists who invented them and found that their influence is more terrible than originally expected.

　　At this stage, my discussion of disasters may have frightened everyone present. I’m sorry. But as today’s participants, it is important for you to recognize your position in the future research and development that will affect the current technology. I believe that we are United to call for the support of international treaties or sign open letters to governments of various countries, and scientific and technological leaders and scientists are doing their utmost to avoid the uncontrollable rise of artificial intelligence.

　　Last October, I set up a new organization in Cambridge, England, trying to solve some inconclusive problems in the rapid development of artificial intelligence research. "Livelihoom Intelligent Future Center" is an interdisciplinary research institute dedicated to studying the intelligent future, which is crucial to the future of our civilization and species. We spend a lot of time studying history and going deep into it — — Mostly about stupid history. So it is a gratifying change that people turn to study the future of intelligence. Although we are aware of the potential dangers, I am still optimistic, and I believe that the potential benefits of creating intelligence are enormous. Perhaps with the help of this tool of new technological revolution, we will be able to reduce the harm caused by industrialization to nature.

　　Every aspect of our lives will be changed Hugh Prince, my colleague in the graduate school, admitted that the Livelihoom Center was established in part because the university established the Center for Existential Risk. The latter examines the potential problems of human beings more widely, while the focus of the Livelihood Center is relatively narrow.

　　The latest development of artificial intelligence, including the European Parliament’s call for drafting a series of regulations to manage the innovation of robots and artificial intelligence. Surprisingly, there is a form of electronic personality involved to ensure the rights and responsibilities of the most capable and advanced artificial intelligence. A spokesman for the European Parliament commented that as more and more fields in daily life are increasingly influenced by robots, we need to ensure that robots serve mankind now and in the future. The report submitted to members of the European Parliament clearly believes that the world is at the forefront of the new industrial robot revolution. It may be possible to analyze whether to provide robots with the rights as electronic people, which is equivalent to legal persons. The report emphasizes that at all times, researchers and designers should ensure that every robot design contains a stop switch. In Kubrick’s movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, Hal, a malfunctioning supercomputer, didn’t let scientists into the space capsule, but it was science fiction. What we have to face is the truth. Lorna Blazere, a partner of Osborne Clark International Law Firm, said in the report that we don’t recognize whales and gorillas have personalities, so there is no need to rush to accept a robot personality. But concerns have always existed. The report admits that in a few decades, artificial intelligence may surpass the scope of human intelligence, and artificial intelligence may surpass the scope of human intelligence, thus challenging human-computer relations. The report finally calls for the establishment of European robotics and artificial intelligence institutions.To provide technical, ethical and regulatory expertise. If members of the European Parliament vote for legislation, the report will be submitted to the European Commission. It will decide which legislative steps to take within three months.

　　We should also play a role in ensuring that the next generation not only has the opportunity but also has the determination to fully participate in scientific research at an early stage, so that they can continue to exert their potential and help mankind create a better world. This is what I meant when I first talked about the importance of learning and education. We need to jump out of the theoretical discussion of "how things should be" and take action to ensure that they have the opportunity to participate. We are standing at the entrance to a beautiful new world. This is an exciting and uncertain world, and you are the pioneers. I bless you.

Japanese version of Three-body

　　On July 4th this year, the Japanese version of Liu Cixin’s science fiction novel "Three-body" was sold out on the first day of its listing in Japan. In just one week, it was printed 10 times, with a printing quantity of 85,000 copies.

　　The success of Liu Cixin’s novels in Japan is not a case. In recent years, the number of Japanese writers and works with world influence is increasing. Science fiction, spy novels, online novels and other types of literature are increasingly influential among foreign readers; In addition to the English-speaking world in Europe and America, the acceptance of China literature by Asian and Eastern European countries is also gratifying. With the more frequent and in-depth literary exchanges between China and foreign countries, it is very important for China literature to better "go global" by understanding the spread and acceptance of China literature overseas.

　　Genre novels are remarkable.

　　In March of this year, China Literature Overseas Development Report (2018) was released, which investigated the overseas spread of China literature in recent years. Yao Jianbin, the editor-in-chief of the Report and a professor at Beijing Normal University, said: "In addition to continuing to focus on traditional pure literary works, many countries have extended their perception to China’s contemporary martial arts novels, mystery novel, mystery novels, tomb-robbing novels and various popular online novels." The international influence of genre novels is constantly improving, and new literary categories such as science fiction, network literature and spy war novels are becoming the windows for overseas readers to understand China literature.

　　"Science fiction literature has become a new business card for China literature to spread overseas." Yao Jianbin said. Science fiction literature not only went out through translation channels, but also realized "going in" to some extent. Through the international awards, foreign library collections, book sales, book reviews and paper research, it can be seen that the overseas dissemination and recognition of China’s science fiction literature, represented by Three-body, are gradually improving.

　　In 2016, The Invisible Planet: Selected Works of Contemporary Science Fiction in China, published by Thor in the United States and reprinted by Zeus in the United Kingdom, and The Wandering Earth, reprinted by Zeus, included the works of Liu Cixin, Chen Qiufan, Cheng Jingbo, Xia Jian and others. In February 2016, Clark World Yearbook: 8 included Cheng Jingbo’s Tomb of Fireflies and Xia Jian’s Old Stories of the Spring Festival in 2044. In July 2016, Best Science Fiction and Fantasy Fiction of the Year: 2016 included Bao Shu’s works. Foreign publishing houses, magazines and literary websites have paid continuous attention to China’s sci-fi works.

　　Online literature is also very popular overseas. China online literature writers have many Korean bosom friends. From 2015 to 2016, with the popularity of China’s online novels such as nirvana in fire, Hua Qiangu, Song in the Cloud, That Starry Sky, Na Pianhai, etc. in Korea’s Asian Economy, an article entitled "330 million people were deeply fascinated, China’s online novels caused a market explosion" pointed out that "China’s online novels have now extended to the whole world and become a window for foreigners to understand China culture and Chinese." Another article in the newspaper, China’s online literature has become the mainstream of the world, highly praised China’s online literature, saying that "China’s online literature is being exported overseas, and there are fanatical fan groups in Russia, the United States, Canada, Britain, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam".

　　Sun Heyun, an associate professor at the School of Foreign Languages and Culture of China Communication University, found that: "Korean readers’ feedback on China’s online literature is very positive, and young readers have discovered a new type of China literature that can be docked without burden." By observing the members’ messages on YES24 website in South Korea, Sun Heyun found that novels such as treading on thin ice, nirvana in fire and Hua Qiangu fascinated Korean readers.

　　The success of Mai Jia’s spy war novels abroad once set off a "wheat whirlwind" overseas. "Compared with pure literary works, foreign publishing houses are quick to attack spy war novels that are partial to popular literature. Such works add new elements to contemporary literature and enrich the ways to know and understand China overseas." Jiang Zhiqin, a professor at Shandong Normal University, pointed out in his research.

　　The popularity of Decryption has also attracted overseas readers’ attention to China’s spy war novels. The works of Chen Haoji, Chen Zijin, Gang Xueyin, Qin Ming and Song Ying have been translated overseas, and the influence of China’s spy war novels cannot be ignored.

　　Towards more minority language areas

　　"In the past, we always paid attention to the spread of China literature in the English-speaking world in Europe and America. In recent years, through various literary exchanges, I found that some small-language countries such as Eastern European countries and Southeast Asian countries are also very interested in China literature. I hope that China’s contemporary literature will have more small-language translations." The editor-in-chief of World Literature said happily.

　　Vietnamese readers have a strong interest in China literature, and the number of translations and introductions of China literature in Vietnam has increased year by year, accounting for a considerable proportion of foreign literary works in Vietnam. From the early 1990s to the early 21st century, there was an upsurge of China literature in Viet Nam. Shen Congwen’s Border Town, Zhang Xianliang’s Half Men Are Women, and Wang Meng’s Heart of an inch of grass have been translated into Vietnam and welcomed by Vietnamese readers. On the one hand, it shows that the two countries are in the same Asian cultural circle, and there are more possibilities for communication in history, politics and folk customs. On the other hand, it is due to the long history of exchanges between Chinese and Vietnamese cultures since ancient times.

　　The spread of China’s contemporary literature in Vietnam also influenced the creation of Vietnamese writers. After winning the Nobel Prize in Literature, Mo Yan’s popularity among Vietnamese writers was further enhanced. According to reports, the novels of contemporary young writers such as Chen Qinghe Phantom, Du Huangyao and Ruan Yuzi in Vietnamese literary circles have more or less adopted the narrative techniques in Mo Yan’s novel "Big Breasts and Fat Buttocks" and have been recognized by Vietnamese readers.

　　"We should pay attention to the translation and dissemination of China literature in Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam. During my contact with Vietnamese cultural circles, I found that they are very eager to understand China’s contemporary literature and hope that more contemporary literature will be introduced to Vietnam." Happy to say.

　　Some key translation projects make the translation and publication of Indian China literature more systematic. At the end of 2015, the "Sino-Indian Classic and Contemporary Works Translation and Publishing Project" was launched in India; In 2016, the Indian translation team was formally established and put into the work translation project. All the Chinese teachers in Indian universities are engaged in translation, which represents the higher level of literary translation in China, India. Contemporary literary works selected for this project include The Dust Settles, Fatigue of Life and Death, White Deer Plain and Shaanxi Opera. The designated publisher of the translation is the National Book Foundation of India, one of the major Hindi and English publishers in India.

　　Zeng Qiong, an associate professor at the School of Asian and African Studies at Beijing Foreign Studies University, believes that "this is a milestone for China literature to go abroad, especially to India."

　　The popularity of China TV series in Thailand has led to the translation of related publications. Some Thai fans who love China literature can’t even wait for the publishers to translate them, so they start translating them themselves. Treading on thin ice, empresses in the palace and legend of miyue are numerous in Thailand, which has promoted the spread of China literature in Thailand.

　　Chinese and foreign translators work together

　　Although the influence of China literature in the world has gradually increased in recent years, it is still far from commensurate with China’s comprehensive national strength and international status. "In the past few decades, China has introduced the best literary works in the world for the first time. The important works of representative writers from various countries have basically been translated into Chinese, while the number of foreign translations of China’s works is quite small." Happy to say.

　　Summarizing the classic cases of overseas communication of China literature, we can find that various publishing projects play an important role. Projects such as Classic China International Publishing Project, Silk Road Scholarly Translation Funding Project and China Contemporary Works Foreign Translation Project have been continuously promoted, and various official and non-governmental organizations have made concerted efforts to let more overseas readers see China’s literary works.

　　"In recent years, through a series of projects to fund and reward China’s book translation and overseas publishing, it has effectively promoted the global sales of multilingual versions of China’s literary works." Yao Jianbin said, "In this process, we should pay more attention to the evaluation and feedback of the project, not only to translate China literature, but also to see whether the translation is good or not and whether foreign readers can see it."

　　In the choice of target countries, writers and publishing circles have a broader vision, no longer just staring at English, French, German and other languages, but also have a world vision. Yao Jianbin believes: "The overseas spread and development of China literature is all-round and global, and cannot be limited to the English-speaking world or the traditional western powers."

　　Cultivating and establishing an excellent team of translators has become a key factor for contemporary literature to better go global. The role of sinologists is irreplaceable. Happy to think: "the team in foreign translation is relatively strong, and sinologists need the advantage of their mother tongue outside Chinese translation. This team is still relatively small."

　　In recent years, through the World Sinology Congress, the International Sinology Translators’ Congress and other Sino-foreign exchange activities, the Chinese Book Special Contribution Award, the Lu Xun Literature Award and other incentive mechanisms, and other measures to train foreign translators studying in China, foreign translators’ understanding of China literature and their enthusiasm for translation are improving. Fu Xuelian, an Italian sinologist, translated Liu Cixin’s Three-body into Italian and published it. Yahya, an Arabic translator, translated the representative works of Xu Zechen and other writers, which was welcomed by the Arabic world.

　　In addition, "it is also very important to establish a stable relationship between writers and translators, brokers or publishers, attach importance to the role of professional online journals and websites, and promote the copyright agent system to enhance the overseas influence of China contemporary literature." Yao Jianbin said.

　　"Culture, including literature itself, is part of the charm of a country and a nation. The process of contemporary literature going overseas is also a process of equal exchange of national cultures. " Happy to say.

　　Although the influence of contemporary literature overseas needs to be strengthened, it has become an important window to show China culture and Chinese charm. (Reporter Zhang Pengyu)

　　How far is it from playing mobile phone every day to illness? Recently, a reporter from qianjiang evening news learned from the hospital that there is a 30-year-old clerk in Hangzhou who deals with computers, keyboards and mice every day, and likes to play with mobile phones during the spare time. As a result, his hands are numb enough to require surgery. Psychologists also warned mobile phone owners that if they keep looking at their mobile phones while shopping, they will spend more money. If you let your mobile phone sleep with you, it will do more harm to your health.

　　Keyboard and mobile phone play too much.

　　In addition to hand numbness, muscle atrophy will occur.

　　Zhou Qi (a pseudonym), 30, keeps her hands on the keyboard at work and keeps brushing her mobile phone at rest. She also has a habit of sleeping on her desk with her hands on her pillow during lunch break. It seems that most people’s living habits have damaged her ulnar nerve. It shows that the right hand is numb and tingling, and it takes a long time to straighten your arm to recover. Even the buttons are awkward, and you can’t even carry chopsticks when eating … … After a series of examinations such as electromyography, Zhou Qi was diagnosed as "cubital tunnel syndrome".

　　The ulnar nerve in medicine is what we usually call "numbness". It is one of the three main meridians on the arm. It starts from the cervical vertebra, passes through the elbow joint, sticks to the inside of the arm and goes down all the way to our ring finger and little finger. It is of great significance to our daily life, and the fine movements of our fingers, such as buttoning, holding chopsticks and holding a pen, can not be achieved without the contribution of ulnar nerve.

　　Frequent elbow flexion and other actions will cause ulnar nerve compression, leading to "cubital tunnel syndrome", which will affect the function of fingers and palms. When the sensory function of ulnar nerve is affected, there will be symptoms of numbness of fingers or palms, and when its motor function is also affected, there will be phenomena such as weakness of fingers or muscles. If it is affected for a long time, it will easily cause muscle atrophy and even cause serious irreversible consequences.

　　Use the keyboard and mouse for a long time, bend your elbows for a long time, or sleep on your desk, etc. Some people have cubital tunnel syndrome due to playing mahjong for several days, and office workers and surgeons are all high-risk groups. In order to completely cure the symptoms, Zhou Qi had to undergo surgery.

　　The doctor reminded that to prevent such diseases, one is: rest.

　　If you repeat an activity, whether it is typing, using the mouse or anything else, it is recommended to take a short break every 10 to 15 minutes to rest your elbow and wrist. During this period, you can stretch and exercise these two parts.

　　Second, keep a good working posture.

　　Adjust the height of the seat to keep the forearm as high as the keyboard. When using the keyboard, there should be no feeling of outward expansion and drooping, so that the elbows and wrists are in a relatively relaxed state.

　　The third is: always be vigilant. Once there is numbness and discomfort in the finger, and it is a constant and persistent feeling, you must not ignore it easily. You should go to the hospital as soon as possible for professional judgment and exclusion.

　　Play mobile phone while walking.

　　Shopping is more expensive.

　　A new study by American scientists shows that if you play with your mobile phone while shopping, it will not only increase the risk of hitting obstacles, but also make people spend a lot of money unconsciously.

　　The research team of Fairfield University asked 231 participants to complete a simulated shopping task. One group of participants restrained themselves from taking out their mobile phones and only paid attention to the goods, while the other group randomly used their mobile phones intermittently for unrelated tasks (such as answering phones, sending and receiving text messages, listening to music, etc.). Both groups of participants used to shop according to a shopping list provided by the researchers, but the results showed that people who used their mobile phones occasionally or constantly in the store made far more unplanned purchases than those who concentrated on shopping.

　　The researchers pointed out that when shopping, people may forget what goods they need most when they are distracted, but they will be attracted by the dazzling array of other goods in the store and take them into their pockets without thinking. Even if you only use your mobile phone occasionally during shopping, it will have this effect, which will lead to additional expenses. Therefore, we should concentrate on saving money when shopping.

　　Wang Yiquan, an expert in early intervention of psychological problems in Hangzhou No.7 Hospital, said: "From the perspective of behavior patterns, those who rely heavily on mobile phones have poor self-control ability, and they are easily influenced by external information such as price reduction and new product listing when shopping, resulting in more impulsive consumption. From the analysis of emotional influence, the information from the mobile phone will affect the mood of shoppers, and these emotions may stimulate impulsive consumption whether positive or negative. Seeing good news, buy something to reward yourself or your family; When you see bad news, you should buy something to comfort yourself and decompress. For example, people often joke that ‘ Bao ’ Treating all diseases is the most vivid explanation of the influence of emotions on shopping. "

　　We have to admit that consumption is indeed a good way to vent and quickly adjust emotions, but only if it is moderate. If it is inappropriate or even unreasonable consumption beyond one’s own ability to pay, one must be alert to whether there are psychological problems.

　　In fact, in life, it is easy to understand the difference between men and women’s shopping habits. For most men, shopping is a kind of "torture". They often think about where to buy something, go straight to the destination and buy it, and then leave. They rarely pay attention to what other stores are selling along the way, and naturally they will not have unplanned consumption. Women tend to take shopping as a kind of "leisure", walk around, shop around, stop and watch more, and the temptation is more likely to lead to many unplanned consumption.

　　Sleeping with your mobile phone is harmful to your eyes.

　　Playing mobile phone for a long time at night often leads to sore eyes, sharp drop in vision, deepening myopia, and even dry eye. Once, because of playing mobile phone games for a long time, the function of meibomian gland was worse than that of the elderly.

　　Everyone’s two eyes have a dominant eye and a non-dominant eye. Under normal circumstances, under the control of the brain, the eyes of both eyes are even, but after lying on the side, one eye has to shoulder a heavier eye task. Over time, if the balance is broken, the vision will be inconsistent between the left and right eyes.

　　Sleeping with mobile phone is harmful to cervical health

　　"Cervical arch inversion" is the most common pathological basis of cervical diseases. High pillow can make the head bend forward and increase the stress of the lower cervical vertebra, which may accelerate the degeneration of cervical vertebra. However, bad living habits such as lying on a high back and watching TV, surfing the Internet for a long time, lying down and playing with a mobile phone, and pulling the cervical vertebra for a long time will also lead to the curve lordosis decreasing, straightening and even bending back.

　　Sleeping with mobile phone affects sleep quality.

　　Adequate sleep is a necessary guarantee for a healthy life. When playing mobile phone, the production of melatonin (secreted by pituitary gland, which directly affects the quality of sleep) will be reduced, which will lead to less sleep and even inability to sleep. I believe those who play mobile phones until midnight or even later have a profound experience — — I’m not sleepy at all. I don’t want to sleep.

　　Sleeping with mobile phones affects family harmony.

　　Young people, once they have cell phone sleepiness, are not in a hurry to find a partner. They think that cell phones are so fun and have everything in them. Why do they need to find a partner? Parents look at the older single children, but they really hate the dead mobile phone. After three days, they cursed, "I know how to play with my mobile phone every day. Everyone else has grandchildren, so you will give me a mobile phone?"

Special topic: news channel special program commemorating the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up.

Enter [Chao Wen Tian Xia] > >

　　　　CCTV News (Chao Wen Tian Xia): Today we will talk about taking pictures. People in China like to take pictures. Now, people can be seen holding all kinds of digital cameras and camcorders on any occasion, and they can take pictures on their mobile phones all the time. But 30 years ago, taking pictures was an expensive thing, and families had to wear the most beautiful clothes to take a group photo.

　　　　This photo was left in 2007. A group of old photographers and old customers in Nanjing got together again, and the old master took pictures of the customers with the old seagull license plate camera. Look at the master’s hand. This is a film box. Every time you take a picture, you have to change it. The red cloth is used for shading. Moreover, most of these cameras can only take black and white photos, and the requirements for lighting are very high. Now it is not easy to see such a scene.

　　　　With such a machine, film is very precious, and there is usually only one chance to take a photo, which also requires a high degree of photographers. Unlike now, photographers will take many samples and customers can choose at will. What the master holds in his right hand is actually the shutter of a camera. Experienced photographers will observe it carefully, and then they will seize the opportunity to pinch the ball, even if they are photographed. At that time, people were all amazed at this thing, and vividly called this kind of photo "pinch shadow".

　　　　改革开放初期，国营照相馆大多使用这样的座机，这是上世纪70年代末，北京王府井大街南口的中国照相馆，当年，中国照相馆这个响亮的字号闻名中外，门前常常会看到，一大早就有几百人在这里排队等候照像，但每天只发放200个号，如果拍四张黑白照片，大概需要100多块钱，那是很多职工三四个月的工资。

　　　　这幅照片拍摄于1985年11月，很多国内游客在黄山观看西海日落的景象，仔细看看，几乎所有游客都在静静地观赏，而只有两个人在摆弄着手中的照相机拍风景，（点大）看左边这位，应该是一架“海鸥120”照相机，拍摄起来要从上面取景，一个黑白胶卷能拍摄十几张照片。

　　　　这种120型相机，现在已经不多见了，但在上世纪80年代，是个稀罕物。至少要花掉两个月的工资，而且还不容易买到。如果谁家拥有这么一台照相机，那感觉决不亚于现在拥有一部豪华私家车。

　　　　这是上世纪80年代中期的天安门广场。这样的场景，大家最熟悉不过了。天安门城楼前的照片，是那个年代大家共同的回忆。

　　　　当时，没有多少人自己带着相机去拍照，所以，天安门广场就出现了专门为游客照相的摊档，明码标价。这照片冲洗出来需要一段时间，外地人拍完后，只能先回家等着，大概一个星期后，照片连同底片才寄到顾客的家里。

　　　　再后来，政策宽松了，专门从事照像的个体户出现了，这些个体户机动灵活，像这个摊主，随身带着相框，里面是各种各样的示范照片，谁想拍什么背景、全身半身，都可以按图索骥，选择余地更大了。

　　　　再来看一些过去人们留下的照片。那时，大家重视拍照这事儿，甚至搞的像个仪式。无论孩子还是老人，一定会规规矩矩或站或坐，认真地听从摄影师的摆布，而最常听到的话是：坐好别动，别眨眼，笑一笑……不过，通常这样的指令发出之后，被拍摄者的表情就更严肃了。

　　　　虽然物质条件还不允许，但人们还是想方设法，让自己的黑白照片变得富有色彩。于是，照相馆推出了所谓的“彩色照相”，也就是在黑白照上手工上色。价格要贵上好几倍，而且要一个多月才能拿到。据说，那时有手巧的年轻人，就自己动手绘制彩色照片，先要给照片上涂抹一层牙膏，然后细细地上色，挺出彩的。

　　　　Time entered the mid-1980s, and more and more new things entered China with the reform and opening-up. The appearance of color film changed the photos from black and white to colorful. The stars in all kinds of picture books have become role models for women who love beauty. The white and flawless skin of the stars makes women envy them. Later, I learned that it can be achieved through darkroom processing. For a time, "hazy photos" became popular, and it was necessary to "be as beautiful as a star".

　　　　At that time, photographers took a lot of thoughts to get the effect of "hazy photos", such as coating a thin layer of vaseline in front of the camera, or covering it with a layer of stockings, and matching with appropriate lighting. Needless to say, the effect is really good.

　　　　This was sent to us by an audience friend. It was a family photo of their family in 1983. As you can see, the photo studio at that time also changed a lot. The studio was no longer a monotonous gray background, and the background decoration had a home atmosphere. At that time, the home phone was still very fresh, and photographers who understood people’s minds put the phone there as props.

　　　　This is Beihai Park in Beijing in 1980. At that time, the technology of rapid roll-up attracted young men and women with wet film in their hands everywhere in the park. People were carrying film and looking at wet film, and the scene of rushing to print was like a landscape.

　　　　At that time, there were domestic Le Kai color films, the price of which was half cheaper than that of imported Kodak and Fuji, and there were many color photos in the streets. The business was very hot. If you were quick, you could get your own photos in one day.

　　　　However, this situation lasted for a few years, and the business of street photo booths gradually became deserted. Because people are becoming familiar with a kind of camera called "Fool", even those who have never studied photography just need to press the shutter. The key is that the "fool" is cheap and good, and books on how to use the fool camera are also very popular. From this time on, the camera has become one of the necessary tools for daily entertainment and leisure in many ordinary families.

　　　　This is the first digital camera successfully developed by China in 1998 ―― "Seagull DC-33". At the end of 1990s, the concept of digital appeared, and digital cameras became popular rapidly. A small magnetic card could actually replace dozens of films, and the cost of printing shops kept decreasing.

　　　　Nowadays, when people buy cameras, they are concerned about whether there are not tens of millions of pixels, whether the body and lens are anti-shake, whether the brand is famous enough, the camera’s function is becoming more and more powerful, and the body is becoming more and more exquisite. Such a scene, any scenic spot, is more common.

　　　　In many photographic equipment stores, the past "fool" cameras and color films have gradually faded out of the counter, and a few film cameras have become sharp weapons for photography enthusiasts. The past dual-lens cameras have also become the favorite of the collection market. The old gentleman in Hangzhou has collected more than 1100 cameras.

　　　　There are memories between square inches, old photos let us taste the popularity and fashion of the year, and the upgrading of electronic consumer products such as cameras makes people realize the changes of the times and life.

Editor: Wei Yu

Jingchu. com (Hubei Daily)(correspondent Jing Ning Shi sent Xu Xunhua) Spring is warm and busy, but the safety issue cannot be ignored. On March 9, a family of four in Huangshi and another 12-year-old girl accidentally got lost and were trapped in the deep mountains while climbing the mountain. Fortunately, firefighters rescued them in time.

At 18: 12 on March 9, the command center of Huangshi City Fire Rescue Detachment received an alarm for help, saying that a family of four got lost while climbing the mountain on Father and Son Mountain in Yangxin County, and was in urgent need of rescue. After receiving the police, the Prince Fire Rescue Station and Baihua Road Fire Rescue Station rushed to the scene for rescue.

That night, firefighters contacted the police on the way to the scene and learned that the trapped people were a family of four, and their parents took a pair of children. When they went down the mountain, they lost their way because of the wrong mountain road. In addition, the sky was getting dark and their physical strength was exhausted, and they immediately called 119 for help.

After arriving at the foot of the mountain, the commander immediately ordered the establishment of a search and rescue team to carry emergency supplies to prepare for hiking up the mountain for search and rescue. On the way to the mountain for search and rescue, the firemen met a pair of parents who came to look for their children. Upon inquiry, they learned that their 12-year-old daughter was accidentally separated while climbing the mountain and got lost alone in the mountain. So far, there were five trapped people in the mountain.

Because it is getting late and visibility is reduced, the drone can’t determine the specific location of the trapped person, so firefighters have to rely on shouting and lighting to communicate with the trapped person and continuously narrow the scope of search and rescue. After two hours of search and rescue, the 12-year-old girl will be successfully rescued in a dense forest, and through inquiry, it is found that another family of four trapped is not far from the little girl’s trapped point.

On the way to search and rescue, there are many thorns on both sides of the road, accompanied by complicated road conditions such as steep mountains. In order to ensure the personal safety of the little girl, the on-site commander assigned a firefighter to stay in place to take care of the little girl, and the rest continued to search and rescue the trapped family of four.

After more than an hour of rescue, the firemen successfully rescued the other four people, and returned to join the left-behind people in the same way to escort the five trapped people down the mountain. At 21: 55, firefighters successfully took the trapped person down the mountain and handed it over to the public security department.

China Software announced on February 25th that it plans to issue no more than 90,130,600 shares to the company’s actual controller, China Electronics and Information Industry Group Co., Ltd. (China Electronics) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CLP Jintou Holdings Co., Ltd. (CLP Jintou), with a fixed fundraising of no more than 2 billion yuan, which will be used for the research and development of mobile and fixed terminal operating system products, the research and development of cloud-oriented server operating system products and the construction of embedded operating system capability platform.

　　[Window of World Education]
　
　　In modern society, reading is one of the necessary skills for individuals. Reading is a key way for children to learn knowledge, and it is also an important way for children to develop their thinking and cultivate their temperament. In the frame map of students’ learning fields in the 21st century put forward by UNESCO, reading and communication occupy the central position in the seven learning fields. Therefore, parents expect their children to learn to read as soon as possible.
　
　　However, in fact, all over the world, many children can’t read normally. Some parents feel that their children can’t concentrate, that they are "ADHD", and they don’t realize that their learning disabilities may be another situation.
　
　　1. Is it dyslexia or ADHD?
　
　　Under normal educational conditions, most children can learn to read normally. However, although reading is so important to children’s development, some children can’t acquire reading smoothly. According to research statistics, there are about 5%-10% children in English, Chinese, Japanese and other writing systems. They have normal intelligence and enjoy equal educational opportunities, but their reading performance is still far behind their peers — — These children are called dyslexia.
　
　　As early as 1896, clinicians in Europe and the United States discovered the existence of children with reading difficulties. Limited by the level of science and technology at that time, the most knowledgeable people also knew little about "dyslexia". For a long time, society has misunderstood children with dyslexia, thinking that they are stupid, lazy, or "unable to sit still" (inattention and hyperactivity). Up to now, science has unveiled the mystery of "dyslexia", and our understanding of dyslexia is more clear.
　
　　First of all, children with dyslexia do not have intellectual problems, and some children with dyslexia are even very smart. If the problem of dyslexia can be found in time and received special education, they may overcome the problem of reading and writing, give full play to their potential, and even become creative talents in various fields. Therefore, sometimes we call children with dyslexia "smart stupid children".
　
　　Secondly, dyslexia is a developmental disorder, and people diagnosed with dyslexia are troubled by it all their lives. They have difficulties in word recognition, word understanding and dictation throughout primary and secondary schools and all the way to adulthood. So don’t expect dyslexia to heal naturally. Early detection and early intervention are very important to overcome dyslexia.
　
　　Thirdly, dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, commonly known as ADHD) are two different problems, which can exist separately or at the same time. Although the prevalence of dyslexia with ADHD is as high as 20%-40%, dyslexia and dyslexia caused by ADHD are two different abnormal phenomena. It is important to distinguish the difference between these two problems, because there are different ways of intervention.
　
　　Finally, dyslexia runs in the family. Studies have shown that among identical twins, if one person suffers from dyslexia, the probability of the other person suffering from dyslexia is as high as 68%; One of the parents or immediate siblings suffers from dyslexia, and the probability of this individual suffering from dyslexia is about 50%. This can be used as one of the signals for early identification of children with dyslexia.
　
　　So, how should parents or teachers identify children with dyslexia? Typical manifestations of children with dyslexia are listed below. The following 10 items meet 6 or more and last for more than half a year. Children may have dyslexia and need to find a professional institution to diagnose their children.
　
　　First, the language performance is significantly lower than the average level of the same class; Second, read slowly and laboriously, and do not understand the content after reading; Third, it is easy to jump words and lines when reading; Fourth, I don’t like reading aloud, and when I read aloud, I drop words or easily read typos; Fifth, the writing speed is slow and it is easy to write typos; Sixth, I often can’t remember the date or name; Seven, the sense of balance is not good, and the small muscles are clumsy; 8. Avoid tasks that require a lot of reading and avoid reading novels or other written materials; Nine, low self-esteem, no confidence in themselves; Ten, learning a foreign language is particularly difficult.
　
　　2. A stumbling block to fluent reading
　
　　Reading is an advanced cognitive function, not a physiological instinct that human beings naturally develop and mature at a certain age — — Reading is far more complicated than we thought. Reading involves a series of cognitive processing processes: first, bottom-up processing, that is to say, reading is to obtain meaning from written words, involving the recognition of written words, and only by recognizing words can we understand the meaning of sentences or chapters; The second is top-down processing. Reading comprehension depends on the interaction with the reader’s own memory (knowledge) structure to process and process the input textual information.
　
　　Most children have been exposed to the written environment before they formally learn to read — — Advertising slogans, printed words on food packaging bags, and words on picture books that can be seen everywhere in life — — These make children have a preliminary understanding of the characteristics and functions of words, and they can gradually realize that words are symbols used to record spoken language, which are different from other symbols. This initial perception of words is called "word consciousness". Whether it is the reading of pinyin characters or Chinese characters, the sense of words is very important.
　
　　As children grow older, they are exposed to more and more words. Especially after primary school, I began to systematically learn the recognition of words, and gradually formed my perception of the design rules of words, that is, "orthographic consciousness." When children know a certain number of words (or words), they can enter the stage of independent reading, that is, they will no longer rely on the help of adults to read text-based books independently. With the increase of children’s reading, the reading speed is gradually accelerated. By the fourth grade of primary school, most children can become skilled readers.
　
　　Phonetic awareness is very important for children with pinyin (such as English and German) background to learn to read. Phonetic awareness refers to children’s ability to perceive and operate phonetics. For example, they can skillfully divide cat (meaning "cat") into three corresponding minimum pronunciation units /k//ae//t/, and can also combine pronunciation units to form a word. The deficiency of this ability is considered to be the core reason for the difficulty in reading pinyin. However, the role of phonological awareness in Chinese reading is not as important as that in pinyin. It is generally believed that phonological awareness only plays a limited role in the early stage of Chinese reading and learning.
　
　　For children with Chinese background to learn to read, the first threshold is the decoding of Chinese characters, that is, literacy, that is, to establish the relationship between the font of Chinese characters and the pronunciation and meaning of words. On the road to becoming a fluent reader, the first stumbling block for children with Chinese dyslexia is to remember the glyphs and write Chinese characters. A large number of studies have consistently shown that children with Chinese dyslexia have difficulties in font processing. They often have slow literacy, less literacy, and often make mistakes in writing, so it is difficult to remember the font of Chinese characters. Therefore, in order to firmly grasp the writing of Chinese characters, Chinese children often spend a lot of time copying Chinese characters. Copying one stroke at a time can help children to carry out fine visual processing on each Chinese character’s glyph. Like building a Lego block, different strokes are combined according to a certain spatial structure and "built" in Mi Zige in a regular and harmonious way. This is not an inefficient and stupid method. On the contrary, copying is an effective means for both literacy and writing. It can not only help children to establish a solid representation of glyphs in their brains, but also help them write Chinese characters more accurately.
　
　　The structure of Chinese characters is complicated. According to the spatial relationship, Chinese characters can be divided into single characters, upper and lower structures, left and right structures and surrounding structures. Because of the visual complexity of Chinese character composition and the spatial diversity of Chinese character structure, it is difficult for Chinese children to master orthographic skills. The research also shows that the defects related to orthography are the core defects of Chinese dyslexia.
　
　　Chinese character is an ideographic character, and there is no direct relationship between the shape and the pronunciation, but the relationship between the shape and the meaning of the word is closer. Pictophonetic characters are the main body of modern commonly used Chinese characters, and 80.5% of them belong to pictophonetic characters. Pictophonetic characters include two parts: shape and sound. The ideographic meaning of Chinese characters is very strong, and many words with the same shape are consistent or related in meaning. For example, after children learn the words "sea, ocean and river", they will find that they have the same radical "Tanya" and are all related to water. When they learn the words "lake, swimming and stream" again, they can realize that the newly learned Chinese characters may also be related to "water" — — This understanding and cognition of the smallest semantic unit is called "morpheme consciousness". This morpheme awareness is particularly important for children to learn to read, because Chinese contains a large number of Chinese characters with homographs. After children know a certain number of Chinese characters and can read independently, the obstacles they encounter in reading become the understanding of vocabulary, especially some written vocabulary. Children with strong morpheme awareness are more likely to understand the meaning of words and expand their vocabulary. Therefore, morpheme awareness is more important for Chinese reading learning than learning pinyin characters. It is found that morpheme awareness is closely related to children’s word formation ability, vocabulary and reading comprehension.The defect of morpheme consciousness is also one of the main cognitive defects of children with Chinese dyslexia.
　
　　In addition to the difficulties in font processing, writing and morpheme processing, the study also found that children with Chinese dyslexia still have naming speed problems. The naming speed obstacle may reflect that children with dyslexia have some difficulties in establishing stable and high-quality orthographic representations, thus affecting the speed of transforming visual symbols into sound symbols. Research shows that naming speed can also predict reading fluency well. Naming speed is also very important to the development of pinyin reading, and naming speed defect is also one of the main defects of pinyin reading obstacle. Therefore, naming speed defect may be one of the common cognitive defects of cross-language reading disabilities.
　
　　To sum up, children with dyslexia may have cognitive defects in many aspects. The mechanism of dyslexia in different words is not only consistent across languages, but also specific to words. As far as the current research is concerned, the mechanism of Chinese dyslexia is more complicated than that of pinyin.
　
　　3. Is reading a brain problem?
　
　　Reading is one of the unique advanced cognitive functions of human beings, and the brain is the physiological basis of reading learning and development. The International Dyslexia Association points out that dyslexia has specific neurophysiological defects.
　
　　At the end of the 20th century, with the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), scientists were able to detect the inside of the brain in a non-invasive and harmless way. Like a precise scientific camera, it takes a complete and clear picture of every slice of the three-dimensional body of the brain and shows it to people. At present, the research conclusion that has been repeatedly verified by scientific research and widely recognized by academic circles is that the dyslexic group of pinyin characters (such as English) is mainly abnormal in the posterior temporal-parietal junction area of the left brain, which is manifested in the level of brain functional activity, brain structure and the connection between this brain area and other brain areas. This abnormality may affect their phonological awareness development and thus hinder their reading.
　
　　However, the Chinese dyslexic group mainly has specific problems in the middle frontal gyrus of the left brain (related to the writing skills mentioned above) and the ventral pathway of the brain (related to the semantic processing and visual font processing mentioned above). At the same time, the abnormality of the occipital part of the right brain (that is, the brain area where we touch the pillow after lying flat) used for the processing of holistic visual features may also affect Chinese reading. These are all "abnormal brain working modes". The abnormality of these working modes will make the process of learning reading slow and arduous for dyslexics, because they can’t use the efficient and labor-saving reading neural pathway that most readers can use.
　
　　How to understand the abnormal brain working mode of dyslexic people? First of all, this once again shows that dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, not the result of children’s lack of hard work and incorrect learning attitude. Secondly, the brain is plastic, and appropriate and timely targeted training can help children with dyslexia overcome their reading difficulties and regain their reading confidence. For example, neuroimaging studies have found that effective behavior intervention can enhance the activity level of the temporal parietal region in the back of the left brain, which was originally weakly activated, and improve their reading performance. Finally, the abnormal brain working mode of dyslexic people has two sides. On the one hand, it makes the road for dyslexics to learn to read full of thorns; On the other hand, many dyslexics who have achieved high achievements in some fields are grateful for it, believing that the "learning process that can’t take the usual path" has given them unique problem-solving ability, while the difficult process of overcoming dyslexia has forged their perseverance.
　
　　4. How to help smart "stupid children"
　
　　Dyslexia is a developmental disorder. Early identification and early intervention can not only improve the success rate of intervention, but also prevent dyslexia from continuing into senior grades, and also avoid children’s emotional, behavioral problems and lack of self-confidence related to low academic achievement. Foreign research shows that in order to achieve the same effect, the teaching time of intervention in senior grade is several times more than that in junior grade (2 hours in fourth grade/0.5 hours in kindergarten).
　
　　The study of dyslexia has a history of hundreds of years in the west, and it has been relatively perfect in the evaluation, intervention and policy support of dyslexia. Hong Kong, China, has also taken the lead in this respect. At present, it has developed the dyslexia behavior scale and diagnostic test, designed Chinese reading and writing courses in kindergartens and primary and secondary schools, and developed corresponding teaching materials, and conducted relevant training for educational administrators and Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong. In addition, they also used the three-level response intervention model to replace the traditional methods to intervene in children with dyslexia, and achieved good intervention results.
　
　　Because the research on dyslexia in mainland China started late and mainly stayed in the basic research stage, the applied research on the diagnosis and intervention of dyslexia is still relatively weak. The public’s understanding of dyslexia is very limited. In recent years, more and more scholars began to pay attention to the popularization of common sense of dyslexia, and popular science books such as Smart Stupid Child: Helping Children Overcome Dyslexia and Getting Out of the Maze appeared, which made the public have more scientific understanding of dyslexia, but there is still a long way to go in the intervention of dyslexia and the development of diagnostic tools.
　
　　As mentioned earlier, dyslexia is a special learning disability that stems from abnormal brain development. Children with dyslexia are not not smart enough or do not study hard. On the contrary, their IQ is normal or even extraordinary, and they even have special talents in many aspects. Without timely diagnosis and intervention, what they need most is the understanding and support from teachers and parents. I hope these "smart stupid children" can have a happy childhood and enjoy reading like other children.
　
　　(Author: Liu Li, Gao Yue, professors and doctors of the State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning of Beijing Normal University; Kang Cuiping, Ph.D., now works for China Education Innovation Institute of Beijing Normal University)

Cctv newsYesterday (3rd), the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate jointly issued the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases such as Organizing Cheating in Examinations, which severely punished cheating in four categories of "national examinations prescribed by law", such as college entrance examination, postgraduate examination and judicial examination.

According to the criminal law, the crime of cheating in organizing exams, illegally selling, providing test questions and answers, and the crime of replacing exams are applicable to "national exams prescribed by law". Explain that the first article mainly clarifies which exams belong to the "national exams prescribed by law".

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office.Article 1 of the Interpretation stipulates that "the national examination prescribed by law" refers to the examination prescribed by laws formulated by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee.

It is clear that cheating in four types of exams, such as college entrance examination, is a crime.

This explanation makes it clear that the following examinations belong to the "national examinations prescribed by law": (1) national education examinations such as the entrance examination for ordinary colleges and universities, the entrance examination for graduate students, the self-study examination for higher education, and the entrance examination for adult colleges and universities; (2) central and local civil service recruitment examinations; (3) National unified legal professional qualification examination, national teacher qualification examination, national unified examination for certified public accountants, accounting professional and technical qualification examination, asset appraiser qualification examination, doctor qualification examination, licensed pharmacist professional qualification examination, registered architect examination, construction engineer qualification examination and other professional and technical qualification examinations; (4) other national examinations organized by the central or local competent departments and industries according to law.

On this basis, the third paragraph of Article 1 of the Interpretation further stipulates that the special types of enrollment, special skills tests, interviews and other examinations involved in the above-mentioned examinations belong to the "national examinations prescribed by law".

Criminal Law: The punishment for cheating is heavier if the circumstances are serious.

According to the provisions of the Criminal Law, whoever organizes cheating or provides cheating equipment or other help for others to commit the crime of organizing cheating in the national examination prescribed by law constitutes the crime of organizing cheating in the examination, and is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, with a fine or a single fine; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined.

So which behaviors are serious? The judicial interpretation released yesterday also specifically clarified the serious circumstances.

The explanation is clear. The college entrance examination, postgraduate entrance examination and civil servant recruitment examination have high social concern, great influence and wide coverage. The direct stipulation of organizing cheating in these three types of exams is "serious circumstances".

Explain that it is clearly defined as "serious circumstances" that the exam is postponed, cancelled or enabled due to cheating. According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, some cheating cases are committed by exam staff, especially in cheating cases before the exam, the "shadow" of "inside ghosts" can often be seen, and the actor illegally obtains exam questions and answers by bribing a specific person to know before the exam, and then organizes cheating in the exam.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Examination staff violate their responsibilities to organize cheating in exams, which is more subjective and vicious, so the Interpretation defines it as "serious circumstances". Organizing candidates to cheat across provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government is very harmful, so the Interpretation defines it as "serious circumstances".

The Interpretation defines cheating in exams for many times, cheating for more than 30 times, and providing more than 50 pieces of cheating equipment as "serious circumstances". According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, according to the different exams involved, the amount of illegal income from organizing cheating in exams or providing cheating equipment varies greatly.

Based on the consideration of severely punishing the crime of cheating in organizing exams, the Interpretation defines the illegal income of more than 300,000 yuan as "serious circumstances".

What equipment belongs to "cheating equipment"

According to the criminal law, the crime of cheating in organizing exams involves providing cheating equipment for others to commit the crime of cheating in organizing exams. So how to identify "cheating equipment"? Let’s see how it is stipulated in the Judicial Interpretation.

The judicial interpretation stipulates: "The programs and tools with the functions of avoiding or breaking through the safety management measures to prevent cheating in the examination room, obtaining, recording, transmitting, receiving and storing examination questions and answers, and the programs and tools specially designed for cheating shall be recognized as the second paragraph of Article 284-1 of the Criminal Law ‘ Cheating equipment ’ 。”

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:According to this, button-type digital cameras and glasses-type close-up devices that can send and receive examination questions and answers by disguising themselves to avoid examination in the examination room can all be regarded as "cheating equipment".

On this basis, in order to unify the identification procedure of cheating equipment, the second paragraph of Article 3 of the Interpretation further stipulates: "Whether it belongs to the second paragraph of Article 284-1 of the Criminal Law ‘ Cheating equipment ’ It is difficult to determine, according to the report issued by the public security organ at or above the provincial level or the examination department, combined with other evidence to make a determination; Involving special spy equipment, special equipment for eavesdropping and stealing photos, ‘ Pseudo base station ’ And other equipment, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the identification. "

How to identify the cheating that was investigated before the exam began?

In addition, from a practical point of view, many cases of cheating in organizing exams are investigated before the exam begins. In this case, the purpose of cheating in organizing exams has not been achieved. Should it be regarded as a crime accomplished or attempted? This judicial interpretation has been clarified.

According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, the constitutive elements of the crime of organizing cheating in exams are organizing cheating and providing cheating equipment or other help for others to commit the crime of organizing cheating in exams. As long as the behavior of organizing cheating in exams has actually seriously endangered the order of exams, it should be regarded as a crime accomplished, and whether the purpose of cheating is realized should not affect the establishment of the crime accomplished.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:In order to unify the application of the law and severely punish the crime of cheating in organizing exams according to law, Article 4 of the Interpretation makes clear the relevant issues. If cheating in the exam is caught before the exam begins, but the exam questions and answers have been illegally obtained or there are other circumstances that seriously disturb the order of the exam, it shall be deemed that the crime of cheating in the organization exam has been completed.

Illegally providing test questions shall be punished for more than three years.

Explain that there are also two statutory penalties for the crime of illegally selling, providing test questions and answers. Among them, if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and fined.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Article 6 of the Interpretation stipulates: "For the purpose of cheating in exams, illegally selling or providing questions and answers of national exams prescribed by law to others, if the questions are incomplete or the answers are not completely consistent with the standard answers, it will not affect the determination of the crime of illegally selling or providing questions and answers."

Clear rules for dealing with crimes instead of exams.

According to the criminal law, a person who takes the national examination in place of others or lets others take the national examination in place of himself as stipulated by law constitutes the crime of taking the examination instead, and shall be sentenced to criminal detention or public surveillance, and shall also or only be fined.

According to the relevant person in charge of the Supreme Law, in order to take into account the differences in the circumstances and circumstances of taking the test, the types of tests involved are different. In order to reflect and implement the criminal policy of combining leniency with severity, and to urge the actors who take the test to repent and turn over a new leaf, if they do show remorse, they can be suspended according to law.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Interpretation specifically stipulates: "If the perpetrator’s crime is minor, he does show remorse, and comprehensively considers the actor’s taking the test and the type of the test, he can declare probation if he thinks that it meets the applicable conditions for probation; If the circumstances of the crime are minor, no prosecution may be instituted or criminal punishment may be exempted; If the circumstances are significant, minor and harmless, they will not be treated as crimes. "

The explanation also clarified the rules for dealing with the crime of cheating in exams other than the national exams prescribed by law.

Jiang Qibo, Director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office:Explain the provisions of Article 10: "Whoever organizes cheating, provides cheating equipment or other help for others to organize cheating, or illegally sells or provides test questions and answers in other examinations other than the national examinations prescribed by law, which meets the constitutive requirements of crimes such as illegally obtaining state secrets, illegally producing and selling eavesdropping, stealing special equipment, illegally using eavesdropping, stealing special equipment, illegally using information networks, and disturbing the order of radio communication management, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law."

　　Guangzhou Daily News (all-media reporter Liu Xiaoxing) Since 2021, Guangzhou has implemented the reform of the enrollment system for high school examinations. The reform of the senior high school entrance examination promoted under the unified deployment of the higher authorities implements a new academic level examination system, a new comprehensive quality evaluation method for students and a new enrollment and admission mechanism. Yesterday, Guangzhou Education Bureau issued the "Implementation Plan of Guangzhou Junior High School Academic Level Examination for Chinese, Mathematics, English Morality, Law, History, Physical Chemistry and other subjects (Trial)", and answered the questions of candidates and parents in detail.

　　From 2021 to 2023, the examination for admission and scoring subjects of Guangzhou junior high school academic level examination will be held from June 20 to 22 every year. The admission scoring subject adopts the "4+4" model, and the history exam is added, with a score of 90 points and a sports score of 70 points. The scores of language, mathematics and English were adjusted to 120. The score of morality and rule of law is adjusted to 90. Physical and chemical scores remain unchanged, with 100 points each.

　　In terms of test questions, Chinese has added additional questions to encourage students to read more books, and appropriately widen the discrimination of Chinese test questions in a reasonable way. The number of questions in mathematics subjects remains unchanged, and the score of solving questions decreases. The spelling of words in the writing section of English subject is changed to text filling, and the number of questions in some types of questions decreases slightly with the shortening of the examination duration. The 100 points in physics and chemistry include 10 points in experimental operation.

　　Focus question and answer: How do schools and students adapt to the new senior high school entrance examination?

　　1. What are the admission scoring subjects?

　　A: According to the "Implementation Opinions of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education on Further Promoting the Reform of the Enrollment System for Senior High School Examinations" (Guangdong Education Examination [2017] No.15), "In addition to the four subjects of Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages, physical education and health, at least four subjects of morality and rule of law, history, physics and chemistry should be taken as enrollment subjects for senior high schools, and six subjects should be encouraged to be taken as enrollment subjects for senior high schools." The admission scoring subjects in our city adopt the "4+4" model, that is, eight subjects such as Chinese, mathematics, English (including English listening and speaking), sports and health, morality and rule of law, history, physics and chemistry are taken as admission scoring subjects.

　　Compared with the current senior high school entrance examination policy, it has added history subjects, which embodies the basic role of history subjects and strengthens the effective connection with the "3+1+2" model of comprehensive reform of college entrance examination in our province.

　　2. Who are the test subjects?

　　A: The subjects of the examination are the fresh graduates of junior high schools in our city from 2021 to 2023, and the returning students and former students who applied for ordinary high schools in our city.

　　3. How to arrange the exam?

　　A: The "Implementation Opinions of Guangzhou Education Bureau on Further Deepening the Reform of the Enrollment System for Senior High School Examinations" (Sui Jiao Gui Zi [2018] No.8) stipulates that the examinations of physics and chemistry, morality and rule of law and history are subject to "no examination papers". The two subjects of the joint examination are arranged to take the examination in turn at the same session, and the examination papers are sent and received separately. The examination papers are sent and received for 15 minutes in the middle of the examination, during which candidates are not allowed to leave the examination room in principle.

　　4. What should junior high schools do?

　　A: The school should strictly implement the curriculum plan, curriculum standard and curriculum plan, adhere to the principle of "five educations", guide teachers to deeply understand the subject characteristics, knowledge structure and thinking methods, scientifically grasp the students’ cognitive laws, and do a good job in every class.

　　Chinese subject should pay special attention to setting situations and putting forward tasks, so that students can learn and use language in practice, help students express themselves in real language communication environment, achieve the combination of learning and application, and develop students’ language ability. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of reading famous books in unified textbooks.

　　The number of questions in mathematics is unchanged, the objective questions are unchanged, and the answers are reduced. Based on the curriculum standards, we should make good use of teaching materials, ensure the score of objective questions, attach importance to cultivating students’ mathematical thinking and avoid falling into "routine" training. Pay due attention to the change of the topic orientation of the college entrance examination and the new curriculum standard of senior high school, pay attention to the connection between junior high school and senior high school, and strengthen the application of mathematics.

　　English subjects should pay attention to the guidance of students’ correct values in the process of language learning. Consolidate the basic knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, learn discourse knowledge, and develop students’ thinking ability in understanding, interpreting, analyzing, inferring, evaluating and creating texts. Special attention should be paid to increasing high-quality language input in and out of class and strengthening reading training.

　　The teaching of ethics and rule of law should be based on the curriculum standards, make good use of the textbooks compiled by the state, and implement the fundamental task of educating people; Structuring the teaching content with the concept of discipline as the core and contextualizing the teaching content with the theme as the guide; Benchmark academic quality evaluation standards, highlight the cultivation of students’ ability to apply what they have learned, and avoid aggravating students’ memory burden because of closed-book exams.

　　History discipline should deeply understand the curriculum standards, make good use of unified textbooks, adhere to the correct ideological orientation and value judgment, pay attention to guiding students to deepen their understanding of history on the basis of mastering the basic knowledge of Chinese and foreign history, and improve their historical reading ability and historical thinking ability.

　　According to the proposition of curriculum standards, teachers should correctly understand the curriculum standards, make good use of textbooks, make good use of the materials in textbooks, guide students to substitute more physical perspectives in their daily life observation and experience, and be willing to explore the principles of physics in life. Strengthen the cultivation of information acquisition and arrangement, critical thinking, experimental exploration, and expression of physical terms, and implement experimental operation skills in ordinary teaching.

　　Chemistry discipline should attach importance to cultivating and maintaining students’ interest in learning chemistry, strengthen the cultivation of basic chemistry concepts and discipline thinking modes, disperse the burden and pressure of chemical language learning, let students enter the laboratory more, and ensure that the basic operations involved in the eight basic experiments stipulated in the curriculum standards pass the test.

　　5. What should students do?

　　A: Students should conscientiously do well in every class of all subjects. In addition to mastering solid basic knowledge and skills, they should also pay attention to the cultivation of subject thinking and be good at applying the knowledge and methods learned from books to real and complex problem solving. In the study of all subjects, we should strengthen reading and improve the ability of information processing and written expression. Pay attention to social life, current political hotspots and scientific and technological development, and closely combine subject learning with life practice. Take seriously the experimental practice of physics, chemistry and other subjects, use your brains and do more, and improve your scientific inquiry ability.