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　　Recently, there are always people on the Internet who say that the barbecue in Zibo is "cold". There are three reasons: first, the passenger flow has dropped; second, some barbecue shops have begun to transfer their facades; third, the popularity of online search is not as good as before.

　　It is better to return to normal than to be "cool". At present, although the barbecue in Zibo is "cooling down", it does not mean that there is no heat. The owner of the barbecue shop reported that although the current passenger flow is not as good as the peak period in April and May, it is still much more than before the "fire"; Although the booking volume of hotels and homestays has declined, the booking situation of the Dragon Boat Festival holiday not long ago is still considerable. It can be seen that the heat of barbecue is still warming many operators in this city.

　　This is Linzi Barbecue Courtyard located in Linzi District, Zibo City. Photo by Zhu Zheng (Xinhua News Agency)

　　The popularity of barbecue in Zibo attracted many entrants. According to the data, from March 1st to June 18th, there were 694 barbecue-related enterprises in Zibo, among which there were veterans in the catering industry and novices. Under the baptism of the market tide, there are shops that have always maintained a high standard of taste and service and are still full of passengers; There are also those who lack stable customers and good word-of-mouth support and can only transfer the facade.

　　Zibo barbecue has become a phenomenal "national feast", which is the result of spontaneous promotion by tourists, rapid response by the government, active maintenance by citizens and other factors, and the help of network traffic can not be ignored.

　　The speed of creating hot spots on the Internet is often very fast. The online "mountain-like tsunami" traffic is transformed into offline short-time passenger flow, which tests the city’s ability to provide a perfect business reception environment and high-quality public services. Once it fails to meet the expectations of tourists, the voice of praise may turn into complaints, which is an examination question that all online celebrity cities need to face. In addition, the Internet traffic economy has the characteristics of rapid upgrading and short life cycle. Not only in Zibo, but also in other online celebrity cities, it is difficult to keep the heat at its peak all the time, and the change of "You sing and I come on stage" is not uncommon in cyberspace. When the flow ebbs, how to cultivate the new kinetic energy of sustainable development is another question for online celebrity. A single barbecue may not be able to meet the experience needs of tourists’ differentiated and diversified leisure tourism. There are many articles to be done from these perspectives, such as exploring tourism resources, enriching the supply of tourism products and injecting the soul into tourism with culture.

　　A nationwide barbecue made more people know about Zibo, and its good consumption environment and excellent public services made it famous. For this newly-built city of online celebrity, people’s continuous concern is the most precious wealth for the long-term development of Zibo.

　　Economic Daily (by Zhang Xue)

China’s trade went global. From 1757 to 1842, the 13th Canton was the only "special zone" for the Qing government to trade with Europe and the United States, which made the city retain its memory and make people remember its homesickness. Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,000 years. Every street and lane has a long story, and every brick and tile has a meaningful memory. Today, Xiaobian will appreciate the heavy memory of this city with you, appreciate the spirit tradition of tolerance and openness for more than 2,000 years, and appreciate the endless literary context; Together with you, under the illumination of history, we can understand today and Guangzhou, thus strengthening our cultural self-confidence. In 1757, with the promulgation of the imperial edict on foreign trade in which Qianlong only left Guangdong Customs, the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty was locked in the thirteenth line of Guangzhou. As the only exchange center between Chinese and Western civilizations for 85 years, it is a Chinese and foreign trading place located on the edge of the Pearl River, where foreign ships gather at the thirteen ports, and almost all major countries and regions in Asia, Europe and America have had direct trade relations with the thirteen banks. It has global trade routes to Europe, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. It was the only surviving node of the Maritime Silk Road under the closed-door policy of the Qing government at that time, bearing the gestation and development of modern China’s commercial economy. Although the thirteen lines have disappeared in the long river of history, their historical influence has been continuing. Two hundred years later, history once again chose Guangzhou to undertake the historical mission of "gathering customers from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world". Thirteen lines and the Canton Fair jointly compose the colorful movement of the Maritime Silk Road.It became the epitome of China’s opening to the outside world and economic development in modern times. A long scroll showing the style of the thirteen-line business hall in Qing Dynasty. Where did the thirteenth line come from? Kangxi’s sea trade gave birth to the "Thirteen Lines" and made Guangzhou "trade in one mouth". This was a scene in the 18th century-the Swedish merchant ship King Frederick was sailing off the South China Sea in China. This is a large sailboat of that era. It started from Europe and will arrive in Canton after more than a year’s voyage. In the eyes of westerners, China is a country of silk, porcelain and tea, and there are countless exquisite handicrafts, showing a profound culture. They were pleasantly surprised to find China. Fortunately, the Swedish ship escaped the stormy waves of the Cape of Good Hope, the piracy in Malacca and the threat of epidemic diseases on board, and completed the voyage with 20% staff reduction. Only half of the sailboats that set out with them can reach Guangzhou. Paying such a high price is for the maiden voyage of trade between China and Sweden. After leaving Gothenburg, Sweden, King Frederick went to Spain for the silver that was commonly used in China, and arrived at Lingding Island in Guangzhou on September 6, 1732. During the four months of berthing in Guangzhou, King Frederick ordered 151 large boxes and 1801 bundles of porcelain from more than 10 foreign firms in China, totaling 49,906 pieces. And 2183 boxes of red and green tea. After sailing from Guangzhou, King Frederick returned to Sweden after eight months. Porcelain exported in the Qing Dynasty is bright in color. At that time,Every year, hundreds of such merchant ships come from afar, enter the South China Sea of China through a long waterway, and then go north along the Pearl River to reach Guangzhou, then known as the southern gate of the Eastern Empire. In fact, during the Ming Dynasty, overseas trade was not always smooth, and the imperial court often declared a "sea ban", which lasted until the early Qing Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the sea was closed for 300 years. However, Guangzhou’s ship management organization, Shiboshi, was preserved and continued to play a role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The model of the Swedish merchant ship Gothenburg, which sailed to Guangzhou three times in Qing Dynasty. After Kangxi unified Taiwan Province and put down the San Francisco Rebellion, he began to consider the economic and tax balance of the whole country. He sent Shi Zhu, a cabinet university student, to Guangdong and Fujian for inspection to prepare for the sea trade. Because smuggling is popular, there is opposition in the court. Kangxi asked Shizhu, "How many houses have you been to in Guangdong?" Shizhu replied: "Zhaoqing, Gaozhou, Lianzhou, Leizhou, Qiongzhou, Guangzhou, Chaozhou, etc., where the people said that they had left their homeland for more than 20 years, and now the emperor has leveled the bandits and can go back to their homeland." Kangxi asked again, "So, people are happy to live by the sea, why don’t you allow it?" Shizhu replied, "The sea was sealed in the Ming Dynasty, so we can only do as usual." Kangxi was very dissatisfied and said: "The frontier ministers should take the national economy and people’s livelihood as their thoughts. Although the sea is forbidden today, people who trade privately also go to sea to make a living; To be honest, if you are not allowed, it is just for your own convenience. " Shizhu was speechless for a while. In the 24th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1685), the imperial court opened four ports for trade: Guangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan and Xiamen.However, at that time, there was no distinction between Chinese and foreign trade, and there was no specialized foreign trade firm. In the early days of the switch, when western ships arrived, officials were in a hurry, and foreign ships were often blocked outside the port and could not trade for a long time. In the spring of 1686, the second year of Guangdong Customs switch, the Guangdong government finally found a solution-Wu Xingzuo, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Li Shizhen, Governor of Guangdong, and Yi Ergtu, the supervisor of Guangdong Customs, jointly discussed and divided the national tax into two categories: "residence tax" and "line tax". The "residence tax" is a tax levied on all goods landed in the inland trade of this province, which is collected by the tax department and called "Golden Line"; "Travel tax" is a tax on goods sold by foreign countries and goods traded at sea, which is collected by Guangdong Customs. "Foreign goods line" means "thirteen lines". When it comes to the meaning of "line", it means "line and column", which is "the place where goods live". From then on, foreign goods company 13 became a professional firm engaged in foreign trade, which was managed by the state to prevent free exchanges between Chinese and foreign people. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), Qianlong made a decree in the Forbidden City: "The port is set in Guangdong, and foreign ships are allowed to dock in Guangdong." The other three ports were closed, and Guangzhou became the foreign trade center of Qing Dynasty. This export painting in Qing Dynasty depicts the scene of local businessmen talking with foreign businessmen. How prosperous is the thirteenth line? The 85-year-old "one-stop trade" has made Guangzhou’s routes to the world increasingly developed. In addition to the routes to the Indian Ocean, Nanyang, Japan and Europe that have been in use in the Ming Dynasty, it has also increased the routes to North America, Oceania and Russia through the Cape of Good Hope.In many places overseas, there are scenes of merchants from various countries shuttling around the "canton" thirteen-line commercial pavilion area and tens of thousands of races on the river, which makes people marvel at the prosperity of Guangzhou at that time. Although according to the regulations of the government, foreign businessmen could not live in Guangzhou at that time, but only in the suburbs or Huangpu Port, every rest day, businessmen or sailors could walk into the city gate and visit the flower pagoda and longevity temple of Haikuang Temple, and they could also visit scenic places such as Baiyun Mountain and Fangcun Flower Land. Guangzhou, a trading port, became the preferred "golden port" for western merchant ships after the opening and closing of the Qing Dynasty. Of course, silk porcelain, tea and homespun were exported, while wool, cotton, metals and spices were imported from abroad. In 1984, British divers found the Dutch merchant ship "Helder Malsen" which sank on the rocks in 1751. When it returned from China, it brought 147 pieces of gold, 239,000 pieces of porcelain in 203 boxes, 687,000 pounds of tea, textiles, lacquerware, sappan wood and thymelaeaceae. By 1986, when part of the sunken ship was salvaged for auction, the guests were dumbfounded by the dazzling array of goods. Qing dynasty export porcelain painted with ocean-going sailboats. In those days, foreign businessmen came to Guangzhou with great enthusiasm. Apart from Russian caravans crossing Siberia to the northern border of China and Portuguese merchant ships trading in Macau, neighboring countries and European and American countries, including the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, France, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Prussia, Italy, the United States and Peru, participated in the tribute trade with China.All of them are trading in the 13th Commercial Hall in Guangzhou. In Berlin Coin Museum, Germany, there is a silver coin with the head of Prussian king on the front and a Guangzhou businessman in Qing Dynasty costume on the back. There is a box of tea behind the businessman. This is a commemorative coin made for Prussian merchant ships who sailed to Guangzhou for the first time in the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1753), and it is the only commemorative coin in Europe with the image of Qing Dynasty. Among the foreign ships coming to China, there are also names with Chinese flavor, such as "Guangzhou", "Merchant of China" and "empress of china". This painting for export in Qing Dynasty reflects thirteen lines of street customs. It is worth mentioning that there are canton in many overseas places. For example, Canton in Massachusetts and Canton in Georgia are towns named after Guangzhou, while Canton in northeast Ohio is the largest Guangzhou city in the United States. Since the second half of the 18th century, there have been dozens of foreign merchant ships coming to Guangzhou every year, with more than 80 at the most. By the early 19th century, it had increased to one or two hundred. In 1784, the American merchant ship "empress of china" made its maiden voyage to Guangzhou with leather goods and American ginseng worth 120,000 US dollars. "empress of china" also kept all the naval equipment to prevent pirates from looting. On May 11th, 1785, "empress of china" returned to the United States, causing a sensation all over the country. All the goods on board were snapped up, and Washington, the founding president of the United States, also bought a teapot with a dragon pattern. Line 13 has "Tianzi Nanku"There is also a domineering name for the thirteen lines: "Tianzi Nanku". In the process of accumulating wealth, the court also got huge benefits from Guangzhou. From the first year of Daoguang (1821) to the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), more than 1.5 million taels of silver tax were received in Guangzhou every year, all of which were dominated by the royal family. The foreign firm also transported foreign goods such as ivory, enamel, snuff, clocks, glassware, gold and silver for the emperor. In the list of 1738, 88 of the 102 tributes were exotic foreign goods. In 1754, hall of mental cultivation was built in the Forbidden City in Beijing, which needed valuable timber from Nanyang, and Guangdong imported 56,400 Jin for it. In 1708, Kangxi suddenly became seriously ill and drank the red wine prepared by the foreign imperial doctor Rod, and his heartbeat quickly returned to normal. In the future, whenever foreign ships entered Hong Kong, Kangxi asked if there was any wine, and if there was, he asked for it to be transported to Beijing as soon as possible. Soon, the world wines gathered in Guangzhou, and a wine "hotline" was formed between Beijing and Guangzhou. In 1758, in an imperial edict, Qianlong instructed that "foreign clocks and watches, western gold beads, exotic furnishings or fresh utensils should be bought", and that "there is no need to cherish fees". It can be seen that Guangdong Customs, Guangzhou Foreign Firm and the court are inextricably linked, and the thirteenth line has become the only foreign goods supply place that the royal family can rely on, so it is called "Tianzi Nanku". The richest group in China relied on the monopoly privilege of foreign trade, and a number of China tycoons appeared in the 13th line, such as Pan Zhencheng, Wu Bingjian and Lu Guanheng, all of whom were rich, among which Wu Bingjian was the most prominent and became the richest man in the world at that time. Wu Bingjian has 26 million taels of silver,It is equivalent to more than 5 billion yuan today, and its income is half that of the Qing government. His son invests in railways in the United States, and the annual interest alone is more than 200,000 taels of silver. In addition, Shisanhang has also become a bridgehead for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Chinese porcelain, export paintings and folk handicrafts are exported from here, and foreign scientific knowledge, culture and art are also introduced into China from here. Exquisite export products in Qing Dynasty. The picture shows the export porcelain candlestick in Qing Dynasty. The relationship between Shisanhang and the world far exceeds trade. In the history of Shisanhang, there were three big fires, and the last fire completely burned Shisanhang. The first fire was in 1822. A cake shop near Shisanhang caught fire, which affected Shisanhang. The fire burned for two days, and many foreign business halls and foreign firms were burned down. In 1842, the thirteenth line suffered a second fire. In 1856, when the Second Opium War broke out, the British army shelled Guangzhou and burned thirteen lines. All the buildings and goods in the thirteen lines were destroyed in the fire. "The connection between the thirteen lines and the world lies not only in trade. It is the first place where the eastern and western hemispheres blend in all directions in the fields of politics, economy, culture, religion, science and technology, language, art and law. " Lily li, curator of Thirteen Lines Museum, said. Tan Yuanheng, a professor and doctoral supervisor of South China University of Technology, believes that Guangzhou has its own urban pattern, which is the economic pattern naturally formed by commercial trade. From the "Fanfang" in the Middle Ages, the Haizhu Stone Commercial Port in the near ancient times, until the appearance of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines, Guangzhou was well-deserved as the "Millennium Commercial Capital". The formation of the city of Guangzhou,It is similar to Florence, Milan, Venice, Rome and other commercial cities with rich wealth in the west. It is the commercial prosperity since ancient times that created Guangzhou and gave birth to Guangzhou-from the beginning, Guangzhou has the characteristics of a marine and commercial city. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that Shisanxing appeared in Guangzhou, and it was integrated into the world, becoming the earliest commercial leader with modern colors of China. The 13th Guangzhou Tour also has a positive impact on the development of the world economic system. Wang Yuanlin, director and professor of 13th Line Research Center of Guangzhou University, said that 13th Line has a merchant guarantee system, that is, the merchant guarantees many affairs of foreign merchant ships coming to China, bears many responsibilities such as guarantee, and may not owe foreign debts. Once the hong merchants go bankrupt due to debts owed to foreign merchants, other hong merchants will be responsible for sharing the compensation. "This’ sitting together’ guarantee system later became an important reference for the US banking deposit insurance system." Wang Yuanlin said. According to the Secret Files of Foreign Merchants in Qing Dynasty, an American businessman owed Jardine Matheson Wu Bingjian 72,000 silver dollars, which he was unable to repay. When Wu Bingjian tore up the IOUs, he used "Guangzhou English" in his dialogue with American businessmen. New Mission and New Action: Undertaking the historical mission of making friends with the world. Although the back of Guangzhou’s leap into a trillion-dollar city of foreign trade has disappeared in the long river of history, the legacy left by the thirteenth line-the business spirit of facing the world, being the first, being open and innovative, and striving for perfection-has been engraved in Guangzhou’s genes, and Guangzhou has always been at the forefront of China’s foreign trade exchanges. Two hundred years apart, history once again chose Guangzhou in 1951, in order to strengthen the circulation of urban and rural materials,Guangzhou decided to hold an unprecedented material exchange conference called South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference. Twelve permanent and semi-permanent exhibition halls have been built in the original site of Thirteen Lines. This modernist architectural complex also laid the foundation for the development of cultural parks in the future. In 1952, "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" was established at the site of the South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference, and became a famous exhibition place for cultural activities at that time. In January 1956, Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace was renamed Guangzhou Cultural Park. From "South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference" to "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" and then to "Guangzhou Cultural Park", the names were inscribed by Ye Jianying. Two hundred years after Thirteen Lines were born, history once again chose Guangzhou as the window for China’s foreign trade exchange. On April 25th, 1957, the first floor of Sino-Soviet Friendship Building in Liuhua Road, Guangzhou was filled with gongs and drums, and the first China Export Commodities Fair (hereinafter referred to as the Canton Fair) opened here! "’Poop-poop’ went through the tunnel and the clothes were blackened." At that time, Li Huan, a 31-year-old Hong Kong buyer, arrived at the meeting on a coal-burning train. Without much care, he excitedly squeezed into the cheering crowd. "I have confidence in the sales of domestic products," he recalled fondly. The original intention of the Canton Fair was to meet the needs of economic construction and develop international trade in exchange for foreign exchange. At that time, New China urgently needed to open a channel to connect with the international market, and use the commodity exhibition as a window to display and trade export commodities. The host city of this exhibition should have a foreign trade foundation and a unique geographical advantage.Looking at China at that time, Guangzhou was the best choice: Guangzhou had a long history of foreign trade and was the only trading port in China under the closed door policy of the feudal dynasty for a long time. In terms of location, Guangdong is close to Hong Kong and Macao, which is the most convenient for Hong Kong businessmen. Only Guangzhou in Guangdong can undertake the historical mission of "making friends with the world". The turnover of the first Canton Fair accounted for 20% of the country’s total foreign exchange income in that year, which opened a channel for new China to communicate with the world in the high-pressure international political environment and suffered from "economic blockade" and "goods embargo", and the abbreviation of "Canton Fair" soon became familiar to the world. Since then, the Canton Fair has been held regularly in spring and autumn every year without interruption. Thousands of China enterprises have successfully entered the international market through the Canton Fair, and their export commodities have also changed from primary products to "made in China" and "made in China", and from offline to online and offline integration … On October 15, 2021, the 130th Canton Fair kicked off. During the 65 years from 1957 to 2021, the Canton Fair moved four times in Guangzhou, and the construction area of the exhibition hall expanded from the initial 18,000 square meters to 1.1 million square meters today. The cumulative export turnover of the Canton Fair exceeded US$ 1.4 trillion, accounting for more than 50% of the national export proportion. It has established trade relations with more than 210 countries and regions around the world, and accumulated about 8.8 million overseas buyers flew across the ocean to participate in the conference. The turnover is far from comparable to that of the thirteen banks in that year. In 2021, the total import and export value of Guangzhou’s foreign trade reached 1,082.59 billion yuan.Become a "trillion city of foreign trade". Through the Canton Fair, "gathering customers from all over the world, selling goods from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world" became a reality. In the export painting of Qing Dynasty, a grocery store on the street of Guangzhou. Canton Fair promotes the safe and smooth operation of the global industrial chain and supply chain. On July 19th, 2021, the State Council announced the list of the first batch of cities to cultivate and build an international consumption center. There are five major cities in China, and Guangzhou is the only non-municipality directly under the Central Government. Guangzhou has tasted the "first soup" of cultivating and building an international consumption center city. It is reported that Guangzhou has started the cultivation and construction of an international consumption center city in an all-round way, and it is planned to basically build an intelligent, fashionable and modern international consumption center city facing the world in about five years, so as to realize the transformation from "selling the world" to "selling and buying the world". In 2016, Guangzhou established the 13th Line Museum in Guangzhou on the site of 13th Line Foreign Commercial Pavilion in Qing Dynasty (in Guangzhou Cultural Park). According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines Museum, there are more than 4,800 pieces (sets) of cultural relics in the collection, which show the history of Thirteen Lines by means of "cultural relics+historical documents", sand table and electronic animation. "To some extent, Line 13 has a wonderful connection with the Canton Fair." Ye Nong, a professor at China Institute of Cultural History of Jinan University, said this. Cantonese English is very popular. In the process of "one-stop trade" for a long time, Guangzhou people invented a special language-"Guangzhou English". At that time, the inventor of "Guangzhou English" marked the pronunciation of English words in Cantonese, and gradually formed a distinctive one."Local English". After the opening of Shanghai, "Guangzhou English" spread to Shanghai and became the originator of "Pidgin English". Can you understand "Guangzhou English" Chinese: chin-chin, how do you do, long time my no hab see you. (Please, hello! I haven’t seen you for a long time) Foreigner: l can secure hab long time before time my no have come this shop. (It’s really been a long time, I didn’t come to your shop last time) Chinese: Hi-ya, so, eh! What thing wantchee? Oh, really, what do you want? ) foreigner: oh, some little chow-chow thing. you have got some ginger sweet? Oh, I want something small. Do you have any ginger preserves? ) Chinese: Just Now No Got, L Think Canton Habgot Velly Few That Sutemeet. (Not now, I think there are few such candied fruits in Guangzhou) (Excerpted from Wu Yixiong’s "Guangzhou English" and Chinese-Western Communication before the mid-19th century).The deep contact between the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world and foreigners in China made Thirteen Hong Merchants become the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world in China. During the Opium War, thirteen merchants took the lead in donating money to introduce advanced western technology and upgrade the equipment of Guangdong Navy. Pan Shirong devoted himself to imitating the most advanced steamship in the world at that time; Pan Shicheng hired a US naval officer with a high salary to copy the earliest modern mine in China-"Ship Attack Mine"; Zheng Chongqian was the first Chinese to spread the vaccinia law. The Wu family contributed a lot to the introduction of western medicine into China. The Vaccinium Vaccination Bureau, the first hospital in China, and the Ophthalmology Medical Bureau of Peter Peter Parker also received strong support from the Wu family. It can be said that the thirteen-line merchants were the earliest practitioners of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", which was 20 years earlier than the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty. After the end of the "one-stop trade" era, a large number of Guangzhou foreign trade businessmen moved to Shanghai and Hong Kong, forming the first wave of immigration in Shanghai. In the 1950s, Shanghai replaced Guangzhou as the largest trading port in China. What attracted the most attention from Guangdong was no longer goods, but a group of people called "comprador". The original Shanghai foreign firm was "comprador" and "half of it was made by Cantonese people". After arriving in Shanghai, Guangdong Hong merchants bought a large number of properties and real estate, and planned to build a Shanghai version of the "Thirteen Hong Merchants Pavilion" and rent it to foreign businessmen. However, because local officials accepted bribes from British businessmen, Guangdong merchants are nominally property owners of real estate and real estate.However, he was deprived of the right to dispose of real estate and real estate, and was forced to rent it to the British permanently without receiving the rent. Relying on this concession, British businessmen expanded step by step in Shanghai, and finally the Bund was formed in this area. The annotation "line, column also" in "thirteen lines" is "the place where goods live", which is the definition of "line" in ancient books. Guangzhou Shisanhang was a firm specializing in foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, and it was a monopoly institution designated by the Qing government to specialize in foreign trade. In 1813 and 1837, there happened to be thirteen firms, such as Jardine Matheson of Wu Bingjian, Kwong Lee of Lu Jiguang, Tong Fu of Pan Shaoguang, etc., but the number of the firms varied, ranging from four to more than twenty, and the "thirteen firms" were just the established appellation. The names of banks often change, including Xinglong, Lianxing, Dexing, Zhengxing, Tongxing, Yuanchang, Jinyuan, Yihe and Baoshun. Among them, Pan, Wu, Lu and Ye, the four major merchants, had more property than the national treasury income at that time, and they were truly "extremely rich". According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of the Thirteen Lines Museum in Guangzhou, according to historical records, the Thirteen Lines Site is located in today’s Guangzhou Cultural Park and its surrounding areas, including the China line number and the foreign commercial museum. The China line number is scattered, and some line numbers are outside the Thirteen Lines Street; However, foreign commercial pavilions are relatively concentrated, and the houses are all built facing the Pearl River, like a floating city on the water.

With the increase in the number of new energy vehicles, the demand for charging and replacing facilities for new energy vehicles has increased simultaneously. Due to the relative shortage of land and power resources in China, we think that with the continuous increase of vehicle ownership,The power exchange mode is expected to be a good supplement to the charging mode, and it has broad medium and long-term development prospects.

Nowadays, the construction and operators of power exchange stations are responsible for the construction and operation of power exchange stations and provide power exchange services to the market. Among them,Power exchange system is the core of power exchange station.

Image source: Wei Lai

So, what is it?"Power exchange system"And?

What is the power exchange system?

Power exchange station refers to a power station that stores, charges and distributes a large number of batteries in a centralized charging station, and provides battery exchange service for electric vehicles in the battery distribution station or integrates battery charging, logistics deployment and power exchange service itself.

The power exchange station mainly includes positioning system, power exchange system, operation and maintenance system, security system and logistics system.The power exchange system is the core of the power exchange station.It consists of a power exchange platform, a stacker, a lifting mechanism, a locking mechanism and a connector.

Schematic diagram of vehicle-mounted power exchange system

The power exchange system is also an important part of the power exchange technology of electric vehicles.Its main function is to unload the battery from the electric vehicle, transport it to the battery compartment for charging, and at the same time obtain the fully charged battery from the battery compartment and install it on the electric vehicle to complete the power replacement work.

Composition of power exchange system

The power exchange system consists of the following key parts:

1. Power-changing robot:This is one of the most important equipment in the power exchange system, which is responsible for the disassembly and installation of the battery.

2. Add unlocking platform:Realize the replacement and unlocking functions of vehicle battery pack.

3. Stacker:Used to transport and exchange batteries.

?4. Lock the link component:Realize the rapid and automatic locking and separation of the power battery and the car body.

5. Quick-change electrical connector, liquid-cooled connector and water connector:These connectors play a key role in the process of power exchange, ensuring the fast connection and stable power supply of the battery.

Classification of power exchange system

According to different functions, the power exchange system can be divided into the following ways:

?1. Vertical power exchange of chassis:Dismantle the original battery pack from the lower part of the chassis and replace it with a new battery pack. It is suitable for cars, SUVs, MPVs and light logistics vehicles, with a high degree of automation, but a new fixed power station needs to be built.

?2, chassis side for electricity:The battery is fixed in the form of a frame, and the operation is complicated and long.

?3, box for electricity:Battery compartment replacement is suitable for scenes that require less space and time.

Application Scenarios of Power Exchange System

The power exchange system is mainly used in commercial vehicles and private passenger cars.Especially in the high-frequency use scene that needs rapid recharge, the effect is remarkable.For example, the energy management system of heavy trucks can improve the efficiency of power exchange, optimize energy utilization and reduce operating costs through intelligent and automatic means.

• ?Shared electric vehicle field:As the new favorite of urban short-distance transportation, shared electric vehicles provide a reliable charging solution for them. By arranging power exchange stations in different areas, users can conveniently park electric vehicles on the stations for battery replacement, thus realizing long-term use.
• Logistics distribution field:In the field of logistics and distribution, electric vehicles have become an important means of transportation. The application of power exchange mode provides an efficient and convenient charging scheme for logistics distribution vehicles. Logistics enterprises can replace batteries at their own distribution sites or partner’s power exchange sites without waiting for charging time, which improves distribution efficiency.
• ?Travel and tourism field:In tourist attractions or city power exchange stations, visitors can easily change batteries and continue their journey. This not only reduces the charging time of tourist vehicles, but also avoids the embarrassing situation that they can’t continue driving because of insufficient batteries. At the same time, the power exchange mode avoids the trouble of tourists looking for charging piles during the tour and improves the convenience of travel.
• ?Urban public transport field:Electric buses, electric taxis and other vehicles can replace batteries at bus stops or special power exchange stations, which can quickly restore power and improve operational efficiency. At the same time, the power exchange mode solves the problem of the shortage of charging pile resources in the traditional charging mode, and provides better service for public transportation.

Advantages and disadvantages of power exchange system

The main advantage of the power exchange system is that itEfficiency and convenience.Compared with the traditional charging method, the process of changing power is usually completed in a few minutes, which greatly shortens the charging time of electric vehicles. In addition, the power exchange system can also be standardized, so that different brands and models of electric vehicles can share the same set of power exchange facilities.And the utilization rate and compatibility of facilities are improved.

First, advantages:

Quick recharge:The process of power exchange is usually completed in a few minutes, which improves the efficiency of energy supply.

Battery maintenance:Through centralized charging and unified management, it is helpful to prolong battery life.

Boost battery recovery:Standardized batteries are easy to recycle, reduce recycling costs and improve resource recycling efficiency.

Image source: Futaijie Testing Innovation Center, the picture shows the new energy vehicle power exchange system.

Second, the shortcomings:

Technical standards are not uniform:The battery specifications and interfaces of different car companies are different, which makes it difficult to use the power exchange equipment universally and increases the construction and operation costs.

High construction cost:The construction cost of power exchange station is high, including equipment purchase, site construction and power facilities transformation.

Impact of technical iteration:With the development of battery technology, the advantages of battery replacement technology may be weakened, such as the development of overcharge technology may shorten the charging time.

Technical requirements of power exchange system

The realization of power exchange system needs high-precision mechanical arm, intelligent identification system and efficient battery management system and other technical support. The integration of these technologiesIt ensures the safety, rapidity and convenience of the power exchange process.

The technical requirements of the power exchange system mainly include the following aspects:

?Security:The design and manufacture of power exchange system shall meet the following requirementsReplace the battery pack safely, quickly and reliablyRequirements. In the design life cycle, the system should have the functions of electricity, communication, thermal management, etc. that meet interoperability.

?Electrical connection:The electrical connection of the power exchange system shall meet the following requirementsPower transmission, information interaction and security protectionBasic functional requirements of.

Communication protocol:The power exchange system shallIt has the function of connecting with the vehicle electric platform.The system should support a variety of communication protocols, including but not limited to CAN bus communication protocol, to ensure the accurate transmission of battery information, relay information, energy estimation and other data.

Interoperability:Power exchange systemShould be interoperable,Ensure that different brands and models of battery boxes are compatible. This includes the overall size of the battery box, the upper interface of the battery box, the lower interface of the battery box, the power exchange interface of the vehicle bracket and other technical requirements.

Maintenance and replacement requirements:The consumable parts in the power exchange system should be in the vehicle instruction manual.Clearly mark its scope, maintenance and replacement requirements.During the maintenance period specified by the vehicle manufacturer, the easily worn parts should not fail.

Thermal management and fault diagnosis:Power exchange systemShould have thermal management function,Ensure the temperature control of the battery during operation. In addition, the system should also have fault diagnosis function, which can monitor and report the battery status, relay status, energy estimation and other information in real time to ensure the stable operation of the system.

Standardization and compatibility:Power exchange systemShould follow the relevant national standards and industry standards,Such as GB/T 37133 and related standards and specifications, to ensure the standardization and compatibility of the system.

By meeting these technical requirements, the safety, reliability and interoperability of the power exchange system can be ensured, and the use experience and operation efficiency of electric vehicles can be improved.

Challenges faced by power exchange system

However, the power exchange system also faces some challenges, such asThe investment cost is high and the battery standardization is not uniform.Problems such as the following aspects:

1, the construction cost is high:The construction and maintenance of power exchange station need a lot of capital investment, including equipment purchase, site lease, personnel training, etc. In addition, with the continuous expansion of the electric vehicle market and the increasing number of models, the power exchange station needs to be continuously upgraded and expanded to meet the needs of different brands and models, which further aggravates the cost pressure.

?2. Limited penetration rate:At present, the number of stations that can provide power exchange services in the market is relatively small and unevenly distributed, which leads many electric vehicle owners to find suitable power exchange stations when they need to charge, thus affecting their car experience.

3, technical standards are not uniform:The power exchange standards among different car companies are not uniform, which leads to the limited popularization and application scope of power exchange stations. If the structure of the vehicle, the shape and packaging of the battery are not unified, it is impossible to change the electricity.

4, security issues:The power battery will be attenuated, and if the battery state cannot be guaranteed to be unified, it will bring security risks. In addition, how to ensure the safety of the battery in the process of power exchange is also a problem that needs to be solved.

5. Operation mode and charging standard:Reasonable operation mode and charging standard are the key to the comprehensive promotion of the whole power exchange mode. At present, these problems have not been well solved.

6. Insufficient policy support:Although the government has played an important role in promoting the construction of charging facilities, the promotion of power exchange system and mode needs more policy support and market guidance.

Future development trend of power exchange system

The future development trend of power exchange system mainly includesTechnological innovation, policy support, business model innovation and extensive application scenariosThe expansion of. ?

I. Technological innovation

1, battery standardization design:With the progress of battery technology, the battery will be standardized in the future, and different brands of new energy vehicles will adopt unified battery specifications and interfaces, which will greatly promote the popularization of power exchange mode, reduce operating costs and improve service quality.

2, technological innovation and intelligent management:With the development of technology, the power exchange system will become more intelligent and efficient. Through the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the power exchange station will be able to monitor the battery health status in real time and optimize the energy storage and power exchange process.

Second, policy support

1. Government policy support:The government will continue to increase its support for new energy vehicles, and introduce more policies to support the power exchange mode, including subsidies and tax incentives, so as to encourage enterprises to invest in research and development and promote the power exchange mode.

2. Infrastructure construction:The government will increase investment in the construction of charging facilities and power exchange stations to provide strong support for the development of power exchange systems.

Third, diversification of business models

The power exchange industry is not limited to providing battery replacement services.Related enterprises will explore more value-added services.These may include cooperation with public transportation and logistics industries, or providing comprehensive services such as car cleaning and vehicle inspection. This diversified business model can not only increase revenue sources, but also enhance customer stickiness.

Fourth, the expansion of extensive application scenarios

1, the field of electric vehicles:The power exchange system can prolong the battery life and promote the popularization of electric vehicles.

2. UAV field:The power exchange system can prolong the life of the UAV, quickly resume the task and reduce the operating cost.

3. Smart home and standby power supply:The power exchange system can also play a role in smart home and standby power supply.

In a word, the future development prospect of power exchange system is broad, and technological innovation, policy support and business model innovation will continue to promote its development.And is widely used in more application scenarios.

Digital monitoring and operation and maintenance solution of charging and replacing power station

9.1. Equipment Configuration and Networking Scheme

On-site box substation equipped withAnkerui microcomputer protection, harmonic detection, multifunctional instrument, wireless temperature measurement, reactive power compensation controller and intelligent capacitor compensation device.. These devices are connected to the intelligent gateway ANet-2E4SM through RS485 bus, and uploaded to the operation and maintenance management platform of Weilai charging and replacing power station through 4G network. The specific equipment configuration and networking structure are shown in the figure.

Configuration of Intelligent Device in Box Substation of Charging and Replacing Power Station

Structure diagram of field equipment networking

9.2. Equipment Selection Table

9.3. Intelligent Gateway and Platform

In view of the fact that Weilai has established the operation and maintenance management platform for charging and replacing power stations, the box transformer data in this project has passed.ANet-2E4SM intelligent gateway for acquisition., and upload to the platform according to the data format specified by Weilai Transportation Management Platform. The intelligent gateway has built-in embedded system, which integrates many functions such as local data acquisition, logical judgment, protocol conversion, breakpoint continuation, data encryption and protocol customization, ensuring seamless docking with the superior platform.

Ankerui Acrelcloud-1000The power operation and maintenance platform can also meet the operation and maintenance management requirements of box transformers.. The platform can access thousands of users’ substation data. The data it collects covers the electrical parameters and environmental information of the substation, such as current, voltage, power, switch state, transformer temperature, environmental temperature and humidity, water immersion, smoke concentration, video monitoring and access control system. Once an abnormal situation occurs, the platform can send an alarm signal through SMS and mobile application within 10 seconds. In addition, the platform also supports sending tasks to operation and maintenance personnel through mobile applications, and tracking the implementation of tasks by Beidou positioning system to realize closed-loop management, thus improving operation and maintenance efficiency and ensuring that potential defects are discovered and handled in time.

9.3.1 Electric Power Detection

The operation and maintenance platform collects the data of box transformer and distribution system through 4G network, including current, voltage, power, electric energy and switch state, and grasps the real-time and historical data of box transformer.

9.3.2 Electric Energy Statistics

Based on the time-sharing power of Peak Pinggu, the power consumption and electricity cost in different periods are counted, and daily, monthly and annual reports are formed. Through year-on-year analysis and comparison, it is convenient for users to calculate operating costs.

9.3.3 Abnormal alarm

Box transformer current, voltage, power, switch state, transformer load rate and winding temperature, electrical contact temperature, environmental temperature and humidity, smoke, immersion, video, access control information, and alarm information will be sent to the operation and maintenance personnel through APP and SMS in case of abnormal situation.

9.3.4 Operation and Maintenance Management

It can help users to make inspection plans, record the defects found in inspection, distribute work orders to eliminate defects, check the inspection trajectory positioning and repair progress, feedback the task progress, etc., and close the operation and maintenance management process.

9.3.5 User reports

The operation and maintenance platform automatically generates a diagnosis report on the power consumption and operation of users, provides periodic diagnosis reports on the operation of the distribution system, summarizes the problems existing in the distribution system, and puts forward suggestions for improvement.

　　In order to implement the deployment of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the provincial party committee and government on the prevention and control of pneumonia in novel coronavirus, ensure the implementation of a series of measures for the prevention and control of the epidemic in the province, resolutely win the war of prevention and control of the epidemic, earnestly safeguard people’s life safety and health, and ensure a stable and orderly society, we hereby notify you as follows according to the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Public Security Administration Punishment, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Emergency Response and related judicial interpretations.

　　First, severely crack down on refusal to cooperate with prevention and control measures according to law. Refusing to implement the prevention and control measures issued by government departments in accordance with the law, not wearing masks in public places, not listening to dissuasion, disturbing public order, or refusing to cooperate with the prevention and control measures such as temperature detection, infectious disease investigation, sample collection and testing, environmental sanitation improvement and sterilization adopted by health and epidemic prevention, medical and health institutions, street, community, village (neighborhood) committees and other organizations and personnel, and not listening to dissuasion, shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment; Those who violently resist the law shall be strictly investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Two, severely crack down on refusing to cooperate with health registration and isolation measures in accordance with the law. Anyone who comes from or passes through the key areas of the epidemic and has close contact with the above-mentioned personnel, confirmed or suspected cases of pneumonia in novel coronavirus should take the initiative to accept the temperature test, truthfully register for health according to the relevant requirements of the city and county (city, district), and observe at home in isolation or centralized isolation for 14 days according to the requirements of the local authorities. Those who fail to register the report voluntarily in accordance with the regulations, fail to tell the truth when the staff asks, or refuse to carry out relevant testing, home isolation observation, centralized isolation observation and isolation treatment measures, and do not listen to dissuasion, which constitutes a violation of public security management, shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment; Those who cause novel coronavirus to spread or are in serious danger of spreading shall be strictly investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Three, severely crack down on disrupting medical order in accordance with the law. Threatening, beating medical personnel, causing trouble in medical institutions, causing much ado about nothing, disrupting medical order, shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment; Intentionally injuring medical personnel, causing serious consequences such as minor injuries, or intentionally destroying protective equipment such as protective clothing, goggles and masks of medical personnel, endangering the personal safety of medical personnel or causing serious consequences, criminal responsibility shall be strictly investigated according to law.

　　Four, severely crack down on intentional transmission of diseases according to law. Anyone who knowingly infects or is suspected of infecting novel coronavirus, intentionally enters or leaves public places, or conceals information and contacts with others, thus endangering public safety or causing serious consequences, shall be strictly investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Five, severely crack down on the production and sale of fake and shoddy epidemic prevention and control products. Manufacturing and selling fake and shoddy masks, protective clothing, goggles and other medical equipment, manufacturing and selling fake and inferior epidemic prevention drugs, and producing and selling epidemic prevention and control products that are adulterated, fake and shoddy, and the amount is relatively large, criminal responsibility shall be strictly investigated according to law.

　　Six, according to the law to crack down on the use of epidemic fraud. Those who cheat by selling masks, protective clothing, goggles and other prevention and control products, collecting donated materials, online diagnosis, etc. through telephone, SMS, WeChat, Weibo and online platforms shall be strictly investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Seven, according to the law to crack down on the illegal use of epidemic behavior. Operators who drive up prices, hoard and profiteer, and seriously disrupt the market order, shall be strictly investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Eight, severely crack down on rumors and rumors involving the epidemic in accordance with the law. Those who spread rumors about the epidemic situation and make false reports about the epidemic situation shall be given a heavier punishment in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Public Security Administration Punishment Law; Whoever fabricates, intentionally disseminates or disseminates false epidemic information, creates rumors, instigates troubles, seriously disrupts social order or causes serious public disorder, shall be strictly investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Nine, severely crack down on illegal acquisition, transportation and sale of wild animals in accordance with the law. Those who illegally hunt, kill, purchase, transport or sell rare and endangered wild animals and their products under special state protection shall be strictly investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

　　Please ask the masses to actively report illegal and criminal clues related to epidemic prevention and control to the local public security organs or call 110 to jointly safeguard public health safety and social order. This circular shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

　　This is for your information.

Guangdong Provincial Public Security Department

February 5, 2020

　　 CCTV News:During the two sessions, the spring is strong, and it is the "March 8" International Women’s Day.

　　International Women’s Day is a festival for women all over the world to strive for peace, equality and development. According to the "National Holidays and Remembrance Days" promulgated by the State Council,On Women’s Day, women (generally speaking, female employees who have established labor relations) have a half-day holiday.

　　Although Women’s Day is a legal holiday, it is worth noting that:

　　On Women’s Day, female employees go to work without overtime pay.If the holiday falls on Saturday and Sunday and the unit arranges employees to work overtime, it shall pay overtime pay for rest days according to law;

　　Employers also have no legal obligation to issue women’s day benefits.If there is an agreement in the collective contract or labor contract, or there is a provision in the rules and regulations, it should be handled according to this agreement and provision.

　　Benefits granted on Women’s DayNot included in total wages.

　　In addition to half a day off, women in the workplace also have these exclusive rights!

　　For more than a century, women in various countries have made unremitting efforts to fight for their rights. The implementation of the Labor Law and the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests provides special labor protection for female employees during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. In addition, women also enjoy a number of exclusive rights and preferential benefits.

　　Fair employment, equal pay for equal work

　　The first paragraph of Article 23 of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests stipulates that all units shall not refuse to hire women or raise the employment standards for women on the grounds of gender, except for jobs or posts that are not suitable for women.

　　Article 27 of the Employment Promotion Law stipulates that an employer may not refuse to employ women or raise the employment standards for women on the grounds of gender.

　　Multi-property leave can be extended for up to one year.

　　The Special Provisions on Labor Protection of Female Employees clearly stipulates that female employees enjoy maternity.98 days maternity leaveAmong them, you can take 15 days off before delivery; In case of dystocia, maternity leave will be increased by 15 days; In case of multiple births, the maternity leave will be increased by 15 days for each additional baby.

　　At present, many provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have revised the local population and family planning regulations, and all localities have increased the duration of maternity leave for women to varying degrees. In 2017, Tibet explicitly extended maternity leave to one year through a document jointly issued by government departments, which is also the longest maternity leave in all provinces in China.

　　On the basis of the 98-day maternity leave in the Special Provisions on Labor Protection of Female Workers, the revised regulations in various places have increased maternity incentive leave or extended maternity leave.Generally reaching 138 days to 158 days.And there is a man’s escort leave or nursing leave, which is generally 15 days to 30 days.

　　Pay more attention to "special period"

　　On March 1st, the Special Provisions on the Implementation of Labor Protection for Female Employees in Shaanxi Province came into effect, providing special labor protection for female employees during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. It is worth mentioning that this regulation specifies the "dysmenorrhea leave". If a female employee can’t work normally due to severe dysmenorrhea or excessive menstrual flow, she can apply for one to two days’ leave from the unit with the certificate of a medical institution above the second level.

　　At present, at least 19 provinces have implemented "dysmenorrhea leave", which allows female employees to take a day or two off during special periods. However, local regulations are inconsistent. Some regulations only need to provide proof from medical institutions, while others limit the types of work, and only allow female employees with "third-level physical labor intensity" and "long-term standing and walking labor" to take "dysmenorrhea leave".

　　Enjoy maternity leave and paid annual leave at the same time

　　Article 6 of the Measures for the Implementation of Paid Annual Leave for Enterprise Employees stipulates: "The holidays prescribed by the state, such as family leave, funeral leave and maternity leave, which employees enjoy according to law, as well as the period of work stoppage with pay due to work-related injuries are not included in the annual leave."

　　Therefore, there is no conflict between maternity leave and paid annual leave, and female employees can enjoy maternity leave and paid annual leave at the same time.

　　Exclusive lounge

　　According to the "Special Provisions on Labor Protection of Female Workers", employers with more female workers should establish facilities such as female workers’ health rooms, pregnant women’s lounges and nursing rooms according to the needs of female workers, so as to properly solve the difficulties of female workers in physical hygiene and breastfeeding.

　　For female employees who need to stand for a long time in shopping malls, supermarkets, etc., the unit should set up rest seats in their workplaces.

　　"Subsidy" is one more per month.

　　At present, many provinces and cities have made it clear that female workers can receive a certain monthly subsidy for sanitary products. In recent years, with the rise in prices, this "subsidy" has also risen.

　　For example, from November 1, 2015 in Hebei, the health expenses of female employees will be 4 to 6 yuan per person per month or the corresponding sanitary products will be adjusted and raised to 30 yuan per person per month or the corresponding sanitary products.

　　From March 1st, 2009, the subsidy for sanitary products for female employees in Heilongjiang Province was raised from 10 yuan to 20 yuan per person per month.

　　In Shanxi, it is clear that employers need to provide female employees with health expenses not less than that of 30 yuan per person per month, at least once a year for gynecological examination, "two cancers" special examination, 2% one-time nutrition subsidy and occupational health examination.

　　"Life events" don’t toss

　　In the face of "life events" such as marriage and having children, you don’t have to bother God anymore.

　　Article 23, paragraph 2, of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests stipulates that all units shall sign labor (employment) contracts or service agreements with female employees in accordance with the law, and the labor (employment) contracts or service agreements shall not stipulate the contents that restrict the marriage and childbirth of female employees.

　　The third paragraph of Article 27 of the Employment Promotion Law stipulates that an employer shall not stipulate in the labor contract the contents that restrict the marriage and childbirth of female employees. Even if there is a similar agreement in the labor contract, it is invalid.

　　"Phase III" is well protected.

　　"Phase III" refers to the female employees’.Pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. There are many laws and regulations in our country to protect the rights and interests of female employees from infringement during the "three phases".

　　(1) jobs and wages are guaranteed.

　　Article 26 of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests stipulates that no unit may dismiss female employees or unilaterally terminate labor contracts on the grounds of marriage, pregnancy, maternity leave and breastfeeding.

　　② Night shift and overtime work should be as little as possible.

　　The "Special Provisions on Labor Protection for Female Employees" clearly stipulates that for female employees who have been pregnant for more than 7 months, the employer shall not extend working hours or arrange night work, and shall arrange certain rest time during working hours. If you are pregnant within 7 months, you can arrange it, but it is recommended that the employer try not to arrange it. In addition, the employer shall not extend working hours or arrange night shift work for female employees who breast-feed babies under one year old.

　　(3) labor dispatch workers shall not be returned.

　　According to the "Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch", if the dispatched workers are in the "third phase", before the expiration of the dispatch period, the employer shall not return the female employees in the third phase to the labor dispatch unit due to economic layoffs or major changes in the objective situation; If the dispatch period expires, it shall continue until the corresponding situation disappears before it can be returned.

　　④ The labor intensity can be reduced.

　　According to the Special Provisions on Labor Protection of Female Workers, if a female worker can’t adapt to the original labor during pregnancy, the employer shall, according to the certificate of the medical institution, reduce the amount of labor or arrange other adaptable labor.

　　Menopausal care is indispensable.

　　In addition to pregnancy, childbirth and lactation, the "Regulations on Health Care for Female Workers" includes menopausal health care. It requires employers to publicize the knowledge of menopause physiology and health, so that female workers entering menopause can get extensive social care.

　　In order to ensure the physical and mental health of menopausal female workers, the Regulations on Health Care for Female Workers also requires employers to check and treat gynecological diseases every one to two years. At the same time, if the medical or maternal and child health care institutions at or above the county (district) are diagnosed as menopausal syndrome, and the treatment effect is still not significant, and they are not suitable for the original work, appropriate work should be arranged temporarily.

　　Heavy manual labor can be refused.

　　According to the "Special Provisions on Labor Protection of Female Workers", female workers have the right to refuse to engage in heavy manual labor such as underground mine operations:

　　(1) Underground operations in mines;

　　(two) the fourth level of physical labor intensity specified in the classification standard of physical labor intensity;

　　(three) the load of more than 6 times per hour, each time more than 20 kilograms of work, or intermittent load, each time more than 25 kilograms of work.

　　Female workers during pregnancy and lactation also have the right to refuse to engage in operations where the concentration of toxic substances exceeds the national occupational health standards.

　　Article source: Out-of-box girl Suzy WeChat WeChat official account

　　Original title: Taro ingredients | Dou Erdun with blue face steals the royal horse, and I with red face is bitter haha!

　　Author: taro

　　Sex! Taro is online ~

　　Unconsciously, 618 has actually ended. Taro looked at his achievements and expressed great satisfaction. He really responded to that sentence: buy buy Buy is one of the happiness of women! After a quick pull, I suddenly found a very interesting thing: this olive ingredient of 618 seems to be a bit popular this year, and it is actually included in the top two essences of the repurchase list!

　　But it’s normal to think about it. After all, with our sisters’ skin care methods, we should wash our faces more, give our skin some harsh materials, and stay up late at night without taking good care of our skin … Isn’t it simple to get sensitive muscles? (Pure irony, if offended, I kneel down)

　　Look at the olive, which is known as the existence of the ceiling in the repair industry. It is indeed a good choice to find it when your face is uncomfortable! Simply, let’s take a look at the true face of olive today!

　　What’s your first reaction when you mention olive? Is it olive oil that is usually used in cooking? Or the football that can be thrown away? In fact, people have nothing to do with them.

　　It actually refers to the olive (Olea europaea) growing in the Mediterranean region, which is a subtropical fruit tree of Oleaceae and a long-lived tree.

　　We usually use olive leaf extract in skin care products. Similar to other plant extracts, olive leaves are not a single component, but contain many compounds such as oleuropein, luteolin, caffeic acid, apigenin, quercetin and rutin.

　　The phenolic compounds extracted from olive leaves are in the picture above, aren’t they quite a lot? But although there are so many kinds, there are only two that play a major role in skin care: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol.

　　Speaking of it, it is not unreasonable that olive leaf extract is called the "master" ingredient to repair the skin barrier. After all, people have some real skills in their bodies, don’t believe you.

　　one

　　Soothes and reduces redness　

　　As I told you before, there is a kind of giant edible macrophage in our body, and its magic weapon of output is "mouth"-devouring factors that may cause our body discomfort.

　　But when macrophages are full or tired of eating, they may want to be lazy secretly. At this time, olive leaves are needed to play a role, which can stimulate the activity of macrophages. On the one hand, they can be killed and swallowed in time at the early stage of the formation of fire, and the action goal is accurate and the action is very quick ~

　　On the other hand, in the later stage, it can also inhibit some reactions of "fire", promote the generation of cells and collagen at the same time, and improve the problems of skin redness, peeling, even red, swollen acne and pigmentation caused by "fire". The soothing ability is still quite good!

　　2

　　antioxidation

　　The antioxidant ability of olive leaf extract is mainly attributed to its oleuropein, which can help to improve the activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-PX (glutathione peroxidase) and heme oxygenase -1, and enhance the skin’s ability to defeat free radicals.

　　However, it should be noted that compared with its preventive effect, its soothing effect is better. In short, olive leaf extract is a good hand for after-sun repair, but if it is used as a substitute for vitamin C in the "early C and late A" skin care method, it is still slightly worse.

　　three

　　servicing　　

　　Finally, the hidden skill repair of olive leaf extract is introduced, which is mainly because it can promote the up-regulation of PPAR.

　　PPAR is a kind of signal molecule in our body, and the production of lipid and collagen is closely related to it. By promoting the increase of PPAR, olive leaves can produce more collagen IV as the main component of basement membrane, so that the inner barrier of skin (basement membrane) will be stronger and stronger, and the purpose of repair will be achieved.

　　Olive leaf extract, which can not only relieve redness, repair barriers, but also resist oxidation, should also pay attention to its concentration when selecting products. Theoretically, the higher the concentration of olive leaf extract, the better the effect. Hallstar, the raw material manufacturer of olive leaf extract, suggested that the addition amount in the formula should be 0.1%-1%.

　　But in fact, many products are often compounded with olive leaf extract and other ingredients, which requires us to find more information to make a good judgment ~

　　one

　　high concentration　　

　　Let’s look at some products with high concentration and strong efficacy first. When Lianzi encounters some urgent problems, it’s right to ask for their help.

　　01

　　Ou Ma Olive Essence Gel

　　Reference price ￥800/30ml

　　This essence of Ou Ma can be said to be the "founder" of olive leaf essence, and it was born when most people didn’t know what olive leaf was.

　　As a big sister, it is natural to have real skills. It uses the raw olive leaf extraction technology of Omar’s family, which can not only extract olive leaves at a high concentration of 10% (data comes from the official), but also the purity of Ou Ma is much higher even at the same concentration of 10%, which naturally has a stronger soothing and moisturizing effect.

　　In addition, it is compounded with multiple amino acids, zinc gluconate, sodium hyaluronate, pantothenic acid, etc. as soothing and moisturizing assistants, and at the same time, it balances water and oil, so that the skin can move towards a healthy road. In short, in addition to the sticky texture, it will obviously dry up after being absorbed on the face, and there is nothing to say about the soothing effect of repairing red.

　　02

　　Xiu Li ke zhi se xiu essence

　　Reference price ￥595/30ml

　　Xiulike Color Repair Essence is also well-known. This botanical extract is milder than the enhanced color repair, and its main purpose is to control "fire". However, because it is a compound plant extract formula: cucumber extract and olive leaf extract jointly relieve skin tension, rosemary extract and mulberry root extract help reduce redness.

　　Therefore, the specific concentration of olive leaf extract is not very clear, but from its composition table ranking and other performances, it can be roughly divided into high concentration groups. In addition, its texture is watery, and it will not be sticky or dry after absorption, and the skin feeling is still relatively ok (OK).

　　03

　　John Jeff olive essence

　　Reference price: ￥99/30ml

　　John Jeff, who is known as the "raw material barrel", naturally has olive leaf essence, and it has also upgraded it to version 3.0, and the dry olive material alone has directly increased to 1.325%. Don’t underestimate this figure, which is a full increase of 76.66% over the previous version! (The data comes from the official, the same below)

　　This promotion is based on the original 10%Hallstar olive leaf extract solution, adding 0.575% Rhine biological olive leaf extract dry material, and adding some lactobacillus/soybean milk fermentation product filtrate and kava pepper extract, further improving its ability to relieve and reduce redness. (The dry material refers to the olive extract, and the solution refers to the olive leaf extract+water+glycerol. Generally, the concentration we say is the filtrate.)

　　The advantage of raw material barrels is that you can enjoy the same efficacy as your expensive ones with less money, but you may sacrifice your sense of use, but the overall cost performance is still very high ~

　　2

　　Medium and low concentration

　　Next, let’s look at a few products containing olive leaf extract with medium and low concentration. They are all types that are more suitable for daily stability and slow use.

　　01

　　Lifelong research on the essence of five rings air

　　Reference price: ￥139/15ml

　　Oil-sensitive muscle is the most headache for me, until I met the essence of five rings, which I have studied all my life. This ingredient formula is simply a textbook-level solution for oil-sensitive muscle!

　　First of all, it’s Bilishu TMPIUS (composed of supermolecular olive+citrus fruit extract+saffron flower extract), in which supermolecular olive is its characteristic, which is a high concentration and high permeability component formed by combining the active substance in olive with some supermolecular solvents.

　　In short, Bilishu TMPIUS can make the ingredients better absorbed on the basis of ensuring the concentration, and the effect is naturally better. In addition, it also adds Centella asiatica extract and ekdoline to help relieve and repair sensitive muscles.

　　As for those red pockmarks, greasy feeling and even skin micro-ecological imbalance, it also takes care of them, such as glucosamine (data from the official, the same below), royal jelly oil control factor and 2% probiotic complex, which are super-friendly to oil-sensitive muscles in all aspects.

　　02

　　Purid chuangyan 2 jinghua

　　Reference price: ￥119/30ml

　　Chuangyan No.2 is the top of the 618 repurchase list mentioned before (the ranking of the list is only the data as of June 15th), and it still has the ability to live up to everyone’s favorite from the perspective of ingredient formula.

　　The main ingredient is 3% tranexamic acid +2% olive leaf extract +1%L- rhamnose (the data comes from the official), which can effectively lighten redness, repair skin, play a certain soothing role, and fill skin. After all, tranexamic acid is a kind of brightening ingredient that Japanese brands like very much, so it is very suitable for dealing with acne marks on the whole.

　　Need to remind everyone that the No.2 essence also uses penetration-promoting technology. Its advantage is that it can make the skin absorb effective ingredients faster and shoulder the responsibility of muscle base fluid, but don’t use it with other irritating ingredients, otherwise it may accelerate the stimulation and make your face unbearable!

　　03

　　Bai Cai Cui Soothes the Essence of Redness and Brightness.

　　Reference price: ￥258/30ml

　　The small green bottle of Baizhu Extract is known as "colorless pigment repair", and there are some common soothing ingredients in this bottle, such as olive leaf extract, vitamin C derivative, adenosine+β-glucan, which can gently reduce redness and relieve dryness.

　　Then there are the essence of Centella asiatica, cucumber extract and bisabolol, which can soothe the skin barrier and care for the skin. At the same time, it also adds PCA zinc, which is more suitable for daily soothing use of oil skin.

　　Finally, I’ll tell you a small way to choose olive leaf extract products for daily soothing: find the one containing olive leaf extract and Centella asiatica extract, and the peace of mind can be greatly improved ~

　　Well, although there are many ways to deal with skin sensitivity now, taro still hopes that Baozi can take good care of their faces and not be on the way to relieve discomfort every day!

　　references

　　[1]Borjan　D,　Leitgeb　M,　Knez　?,　Hrn?i?　MK.　Microbiological　and　Antioxidant　Activity　of　Phenolic　Compounds　in　Olive　Leaf　Extract.　Molecules.　2020　Dec　15; 25(24):5946.　doi:　10.3390/molecules25245946.　PMID:　33334001; 　PMCID:　PMC7765412.

　　[2]Perugini　P　et　al.　Efficacy　of　oleuropein　against　UVB　irradiation:　preliminary　evaluation[J].　International　journal　of　cosmetic　science,　2008,　30(2)　:　113-20.

　　[3]Majewski　G　P,　Singh　S,　Bojanowski　K.　Oliveleafderived　PPAR　agonist　complex　induces　collagen　IV　synthesis　in　human　skin　models[J].　2021.

　　[4] Tian Lipeng, Li Chunai, Cai Meng, Jin Feng, Wu Gongpeng, Pu Lumei. Study on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of olive leaf extract [J]. Journal of Food Safety and Quality Inspection, 2021,12 (20): 8178-8184. DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfq11.

　　[5]OLIVEM　1000.The　first　emulsifying　active　ingredient

　　[6]https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UwrlZ9NuKS4BiDwsoNlbkw

　　[7]https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/xiqc1r4nUn70UywL3kF7DA

CCTV News:At present, Zika virus is still spreading in parts of South America and Latin America, and there is no effective drug to inhibit the infection of this virus. Recently, the research team of Tianjin University published a paper in the international authoritative academic journal protein and Cell, saying that the mystery of Zika virus replication was uncovered for the first time, which will provide an important basis for developing anti-Zika virus drugs.

According to experts, the scientific community has not found the means to inhibit Zika virus so far, and the important reason is that it is impossible to understand the replication process and mechanism of this virus. Since February this year, the research team of Tianjin University has started a research project on Zika virus, and has achieved important research results recently.

According to Tian Hongliang, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University:In the process of virus replication, almost all viruses need a protein called helicase. Our research team’s main work is to analyze the three-dimensional spatial structure of Zika virus helicase and the three-dimensional spatial structure of Zika virus helicase recognizing its genome.

Helicase protein

This protein, called helicase, plays an important role in the first step of Zika virus replication. Because the Zika virus genome exists in a double-stranded state, it is impossible to replicate the gene in this state, so it must be split into two, and the helicase is equivalent to a pair of scissors, which can cut the genome into two pieces and achieve replication, but this pair of scissors has never been exposed before, so the mechanism of virus replication is unknown. The research results of Tianjin University’s research team reveal the three-dimensional image of a single molecule of gyrase, and thus unlock the secret of how Zika virus replicates.

Janet, a professor at the School of Life Sciences, University of Michigan, USA, who has been working on Zika virus research, said that this is crucial to stop the spread of Zika virus from the root and develop drugs against Zika virus.

【 Hazards of Zika virus 】

In 2013 and 2015, during the outbreak of Seca in French Polynesia and Brazil, it was reported that Zika virus disease might cause neurological and autoimmune complications. In the outbreak of Zika in Brazil in 2015, many newborns with microcephaly were found (the ratio of head circumference of newborns to matched children of the same sex and gestational age was lower than the average by more than two standard deviations). From May 2015 to January 2016, it was reported that 4000 pregnant women infected with Zika virus gave birth to microcephaly, which was 20 times higher than that in previous years.

[The Rio Olympics has not been affected by Zika virus so far]

Brazilian Health Minister Castro met with the ambassadors of EU member states here on February 16th, and assured them on behalf of the government that the current outbreak of Zika disease would not affect the Rio Olympic Games this year.

Part of the text comes from: Xinhua News Agency

　　(Reporter Yu Chunfeng, Mi Zhe, Liu Guodong) On February 20th, the rural work conference of the Municipal Party Committee and the deployment meeting of the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization were held. Chen Miner, secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, attended the meeting and delivered a speech. He stressed that it is necessary to fully implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, thoroughly implement the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, conscientiously implement the arrangements of the Central Economic Work Conference and the Central Rural Work Conference, solidly implement the all-round promotion of rural revitalization, earnestly strengthen the Party’s overall leadership over the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, be confident, work hard, not miss the farming season, and not give up work, comprehensively promote rural revitalization and accelerate the pace of agricultural and rural modernization, so as to speed up the pace.

　　Zhang Gong, Deputy Secretary of the Municipal Party Committee and Mayor, presided over and made work arrangements. Yu Yunlin, director of the Standing Committee of the Municipal People’s Congress, and Wang Changsong, chairman of the CPPCC attended. Relevant city leaders attended.

　　In his speech, Chen Miner pointed out that the important speech of General Secretary of the Supreme Leader at the Central Rural Work Conference profoundly expounded a series of major theoretical and practical problems in comprehensively promoting rural revitalization, vigorously promoting agricultural and rural modernization and accelerating the construction of an agricultural power from the strategic overall height of building a socialist modernization power in an all-round way, and made clear the objectives, tasks, strategic priorities and main directions of the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers at present and in the future, which is a scientific guide and action program for doing well the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers. It is necessary to further unify thoughts and actions with the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the spirit of the Central Rural Work Conference, deeply understand and grasp the great significance, principle requirements and strategic tasks of accelerating the construction of an agricultural power, and fully understand the important position and special significance of doing a good job in the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, comprehensively promoting rural revitalization and promoting agricultural and rural modernization in building a socialist modern metropolis in an all-round way. We will implement the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee in all aspects of the whole process of implementing the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization, give full play to the distinctive advantages, fill the shortcomings of development, and ensure that the strategic deployment of accelerating the construction of an agricultural power is implemented in Tianjin and Tianjin, and it is effective.

　　Chen Miner stressed that it is necessary to vigorously implement the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization, and make overall arrangements and coordinate the promotion of rural industries, talents, culture, ecology and organization. It is necessary to highlight food security, which is the "biggest country", and make contributions to ensuring the stable and safe supply of food and important agricultural products. Do everything possible to stabilize the sown area of grain, improve the grain production capacity, strictly strengthen the protection of cultivated land, improve the income guarantee mechanism of grain farmers, enhance the circulation capacity of grain reserves, pay attention to food conservation and impairment, and strive to build a diversified food supply system. It is necessary to highlight the key task of high quality and high efficiency of agriculture and promote the upgrading of the whole chain of rural industries. Firmly grasp the development direction of modern urban agriculture, do a good job in the article of "local products", insist on winning with modernization concept, urban characteristics, quality, scientific and technological innovation, new formats, comprehensive benefits, new systems, strengthening the leading role, supplementing the chain, promoting the format and building the brand, and rely on the dual-wheel drive of science and technology and reform to promote the "one after another" of agriculture and the integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries. It is necessary to highlight the important goal that rural areas are livable and suitable for business, and strive to build beautiful villages. Do a good job of "Yi" articles, focus on improving the completeness of rural infrastructure, the convenience of public services, and the comfort of human settlements, and create a high-quality living space that is livable and suitable for business. Do a good job of "harmony",Improve the rural governance system that combines autonomy, rule of law and rule of virtue under the leadership of party organizations, and promote family harmony, interpersonal harmony and social harmony. Do a good job of "beauty", not only shape but also cast soul, create a comfortable and pleasant rural environment, carry forward and practice the socialist core values, inherit the excellent farming culture, and shape the beauty from the outside to the inside, both in form and spirit. It is necessary to highlight the fundamental purpose of farmers’ prosperity, do everything possible to broaden the channels for farmers to increase their income, accurately support economically weak villages, carefully create demonstration villages for rural revitalization, further improve the cooperation and support between the east and the west, and promote substantial progress in common prosperity.

　　Chen Miner emphasized that it is necessary to strengthen the overall leadership of the Party to carry out the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization and do a good job in the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers. It is necessary to implement the working mechanism of the "five-level secretary" to revitalize the countryside, shoulder political responsibilities, and promote the implementation of work and policies with the implementation of responsibilities. Strengthen the mass viewpoint, implement the mass line, strengthen the system concept and improve the working skills. It is necessary to build rural grassroots party organizations, enhance their political and organizational functions, continuously reduce the burden on rural grassroots cadres, and persistently rectify formalism and bureaucracy. It is necessary to strengthen investment guarantee, accelerate the formation of a diversified investment pattern with financial priority guarantee, tilted financial focus and active social participation, and truly make good use of funds and use benefits. It is necessary to strengthen the rural revitalization talent team, cultivate and make good use of local talents, and orderly guide college graduates to their hometowns, capable people to return home, migrant workers to their hometowns, and entrepreneurs to their hometowns, so that they can stay and start businesses.

　　Zhang Gong stressed that it is necessary to thoroughly study and implement the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, continuously enhance the understanding and grasp of the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers under the background of modernization, high-quality development and urbanization, effectively unify ideological understanding and actions with the spirit of the central government and the requirements of the municipal party committee, vigorously implement the all-round promotion of rural revitalization, and make contributions to building an agricultural power in Tianjin. We must do a good job in grain production, strengthen key core technology research, encourage agricultural business entities to accelerate development, and ensure the stable and safe supply of grain and important agricultural products. It is necessary to vigorously develop rural industries, create more brands of "Jin Nong Boutique", enlarge and strengthen the processing and circulation industry, modern service industry and rural tourism, and promote agriculture by production, agriculture by production and agriculture by production. It is necessary to strengthen rural infrastructure construction, promote environmental improvement, improve basic public service capabilities, and create livable and suitable businesses and beautiful villages. It is necessary to give full play to the leading role of party building, strengthen the construction of grass-roots party organizations, strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization, improve the governance system and enhance governance efficiency. It is necessary to strengthen the support, guarantee, supervision and assessment of the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and promote the implementation of various tasks.

　　The meeting was held in the form of video and telephone conference, and each agriculture-related area set up sub-meeting places. Responsible comrades of relevant municipal departments and departments, and responsible comrades in charge of agriculture-related areas attended the meeting at the main venue.

　　[car home in-depth investigation] It has been a long time since the last battery investigation, and now we have picked up this topic again. The models surveyed in this issue are still several popular models listed recently, including compact cars, medium-sized cars and SUVs. Next, let’s take a look at the battery performance of these popular models!

● Automobile batteries are divided into ordinary lead-acid (non-maintenance-free) batteries and maintenance-free batteries.

　　Batteries in vehicles are divided into ordinary lead-acid (non-maintenance-free) batteries and maintenance-free batteries. Ordinary lead-acid batteries have low cost, so distilled water needs to be added regularly to supplement electrolyte for maintenance to ensure normal use. The other is a maintenance-free battery, which consumes very little electrolyte and basically does not need to be supplemented with distilled water during its service life, making it more convenient to use. The service life of general maintenance-free batteries is about 4-5 years, and the price is higher than that of ordinary lead-acid batteries. However, with the development of science and technology, some brands of lead-acid batteries have made great progress than before, and their service life is not lower than that of maintenance-free batteries, and there is no need to replenish electrolyte regularly under normal use.

● How to distinguish between ordinary lead-acid and maintenance-free batteries

　　Ordinary lead-acid batteries need to replenish electrolyte regularly, so there is a unscrewing liquid replenishment port at the top of the battery. On the contrary, the maintenance-free battery does not, so the surface is flat. In addition, the batteries of many vehicles in the market are placed in dust-proof boxes, and the batteries can only be seen after opening the dust-proof boxes.

● Several important data of battery:

Rated voltage:In general, the voltage of household car batteries is 12V.

Capacity:It represents the amount of electricity discharged by the battery under certain conditions (discharge rate, temperature, termination voltage, etc.). Generally, the capacity unit of an automobile battery is Ah. For example, a battery with a capacity of 45Ah can continuously discharge for 45 hours if the continuous discharge current is 1A. The higher the capacity of the battery, the better, otherwise it will affect the use of automotive electrical equipment. Of course, the higher the capacity of the battery, the higher the price.

Low temperature starting current (CCA):In addition to the above two data, there is also a mark "CCA" on the battery, which indicates the starting current that the battery can provide to the engine at low temperature. That is, the value is the current discharged by the battery before the limit feed voltage when the battery is discharged at -17.8℃ for 30 seconds. For example, a 12V battery case is marked with CCA value of 450, which means that at -17.8℃, before the voltage drops to 7.2V, it can provide 450A current for 30 seconds.

● At present, common standards for naming commonly used battery models:

First, based on the national GB standard, taking the battery of model 6-QAW-54a as an example, the explanation is as follows:

6: It is composed of six single-cell batteries, and the voltage of each single-cell battery is 2V, that is, the rated voltage is 12V；;
Q: indicates the purpose of the battery, Q is the battery for automobile starting, M is the battery for motorcycle, JC is the battery for ship, HK is the battery for aviation, D is the battery for electric vehicle, and F is the battery for valve control;
A and W: indicate the type of battery, A indicates dry-load battery, W indicates maintenance-free battery, and if it is not marked, it indicates ordinary battery;
54: indicates that the rated capacity of the battery is 54Ah;
Corner A means the first improvement of the original product, and corner B means the second improvement after the name, and so on. (Note: adding D after the model indicates good low-temperature starting performance, such as 6-QA-110D).

Second, based on Japanese JIS standard.For example, the meaning of battery parameters with model "38B20L" is analyzed as follows:

38: Indicates the performance parameters of the battery. The larger the number, the more power the battery can store. (Note: the numerical value has nothing to do with the capacity)
B: code indicating the width and height of the battery. The combination of the width and height of the battery is represented by one of eight letters (A to H). The closer the letter is to H, the greater the width and height of the battery.
20: indicates that the length of the battery is about 20cm.
L: indicates the position of the positive terminal. Seen from the battery pole, the positive terminal is marked R at the right end and L at the left end.

Third, based on the German DIN standardFor example, the meaning of each parameter of the battery with model "CCA 660" is analyzed as follows:

CCA: indicates low-temperature starting current.
660: indicates that the low-temperature starting current value is 660 amps.

2013 Buick Excelle

　　Excelle is a veteran of the compact car market. In 2013, the manufacturer made a small change to it. Although the appearance changed little, it replaced a brand-new power system, which greatly improved its fuel economy. However, the manufacturer did not replace the battery of Excelle because of changing the power system, but still purchased the maintenance-free battery of the well-known brand ACDelco, with a capacity of 55Ah and a low-temperature starting current of 610A, which is enough for a 1.5-liter model. However, the price of this battery in Buick 4S store is not cheap, and 650 yuan is still much more expensive than the market price. In addition, the working hours in 50 yuan mean that if you choose to replace the battery for Excelle in 4S store, it will cost 700 yuan in total.

2013 Buick Angola ENCORE

　　Angola ENCORE is a small SUV launched by Buick in October 2012. Its appearance broke the market structure and further lowered the threshold of SUV, so that consumers with a budget of only 100,000 yuan can also buy a stylish, well-equipped, powerful and joint-venture SUV with a four-wheel drive system.

　　Buick Angola ENCORE uses a power combination of 1.4T+6AT, which has good acceleration performance and smoothness. The battery it uses is also from ACDelco (the specific model is unknown), but the capacity and low-temperature starting current are different from those of Excelle. It has a capacity of 60Ah, a low-temperature starting current of 438A, a 4S shop price of 605 yuan, and a working hour fee of 665 yuan in 60 yuan, which is cheaper than Excelle.

2013 Shanghai Volkswagen New Santana

　　Santana is a famous name for Chinese people. However, the new Santana launched in 2012 has nothing to do with the "previous generation" models in essence. It is a product from PQ25 platform, and should belong to the same level as POLO. However, due to its long body size and wheelbase, we will classify it as a compact car for the time being. It has been proved that its interior space is not less than that of most compact cars.

　　The new Santana has two power options: 1.4-liter and 1.6-liter, and the 6AT gearbox is one of its highlights. The new Santana adopts valta 5KD 915 105C battery, which is consistent with models such as POLO and Skoda Jingrui. The capacity of this battery is 51Ah, the low-temperature starting current is 480A, the price of 4S is 622 yuan, the working time is 70 yuan, and the total cost of replacing the battery is 692 yuan. In addition, because there is a circuit board on the battery surface of Volkswagen series models, it is a little troublesome to disassemble and replace it.

2012 Speed Sharp 1.5T Model

　　BYD is the first manufacturer in its own brand to adopt turbocharged engine and dual-clutch gearbox technology, and its brand influence has been greatly improved. Speed sharp has won the attention of the media and the public with its unprecedented remote control technology. Although there is still a lot of room for improvement in the ride comfort of the fast-sharp dual-clutch gearbox, the power of the 1.5T turbocharged engine is excellent. Coupled with its rich configuration performance, BYD Speed Sharp’s comprehensive strength is quite strong.

　　Because of its high configuration, remote control technology and remote engine starting technology, it has higher requirements for batteries. The original factory of Surui is equipped with valta 80D26L battery, with a capacity of 70Ah and a low-temperature starting current of 600A. These parameters are completely comparable to those of medium-sized cars. However, its battery price is relatively expensive. The price quoted by the 4S shop is 654 yuan, and the total cost of replacing 30 yuan is 684 yuan.

2013 Dongfeng Citroen C4L

　　Although C4L has not been listed for a long time, it has left a deep impression on people with its powerful power of 1.6T and spacious and comfortable ride. C4L is a rising star in the compact car market. Its biggest highlight is the 1.6T engine jointly developed by PSA and BMW. This engine was also awarded the title of "Top Ten International Engines in 2013" some time ago.

　　The battery of C4L is almost covered by a whole circuit board, so it is difficult to see the brand and parameters of the battery from the outside. Through our contact with the 4S store, we know that the battery used in C4L is no different from the previous Sega, both of which are Bosch L2-400 maintenance-free batteries, with a capacity of 60Ah and a low-temperature starting current of 640A. The price of accessories is 490 yuan and the working hours are 96 yuan, and the total price is a little more expensive than Sega.

2013 Dongfeng peugeot 3008

　　3008 is the first SUV launched by Dongfeng Peugeot. From the current attention and sales volume, it should be regarded as a successful model. I think its success is first attributed to the correct positioning of the 3008 by the manufacturer. Although it is derived from the compact car platform, the space and workmanship are not worse than those of mainstream SUVs such as CR-V and Tiguan, and the price is lower than them, so it is not surprising that the 3008 sells well.

　　3008 and C4L use the same power system, so their batteries are basically the same, which has been verified in the previous Sega and 308. Under normal circumstances, Citroen or Peugeot will have two battery suppliers, Bosch and Camel. The C4L introduced above uses Bosch’s battery, and the 3008 we investigated this time just uses the camel battery of the same L2-400 model, with the same capacity and low-temperature starting current as C4L, which are 60Ah and 640A respectively. However, the price of batteries in Peugeot 4S shop is relatively cheaper, with the price of accessories in 480 yuan and the working hours in 100 yuan, totaling 580 yuan.

2013 GAC Toyota Camry

　　The seventh generation Camry used tougher lines, which made it look younger and more athletic. However, its appearance doesn’t seem to get much recognition, so that its sales volume is not as good as before. In fact, if you carefully observe this generation of Camry, you will find that it has made great progress in appearance and interior texture. More importantly, the 6-speed automatic manual transmission has finally become the standard configuration of the 2.5-liter model (except the hybrid version). On the whole, its overall strength has been significantly improved compared with the previous generation.

　　Japanese cars have always used local brand parts, and almost all batteries are maintenance-free. For example, Camry uses Hitachi brand non-maintenance-free batteries, with a capacity of 65Ah and a low-temperature starting current of 630A A. From the parameter point of view, this battery is not bad. In fact, 4S stores call this battery "maintenance-free and refillable", and its service life is about 4-5 years, which is equivalent to maintenance-free batteries. According to the 4S shop, this battery does not need to be added with electrolyte during its service life under normal use. However, if it is not used properly, such as when the vehicle is parked for a long time, or listening to music when the engine is turned off, this battery may lose power and need to be supplemented with electrolyte when necessary. The quotation of this battery 4S shop is 695 yuan, and the replacement time is 80 yuan, with a total cost of 775 yuan.

2013 Dongfeng Nissan Teana

　　As another best-selling Japanese car in the medium-sized car market, Teana has also undergone a generation change in the previous period. In addition to the new design of the exterior and interior, the biggest change of the new generation Teana is to replace the previous 2.5-liter V6 engine with a 2.5-liter L4 engine. Although two cylinders were reduced, the new L4 engine did not lose to the previous V6 engine in terms of parameters, and the fuel economy was improved.

　　The new Teana adopts the non-maintenance-free battery of GS (Uni-President) brand, its capacity is 62Ah, and the low-temperature starting current is 582A. Compared with the Camry just introduced, Teana is slightly worse in battery parameters, but it will not affect the daily car. In addition, the price of battery replacement in Nissan 4S shop is slightly lower than that of Camry, in which the price of accessories is 590 yuan and the working hours are only 48 yuan.

2013 Chevrolet Mai Rui Bao

　　Although Chevrolet Mai Rui Bao has a history of many years in the United States, it is still a young model that just debuted in China. However, in the highly competitive medium-sized car market, Mai Rui Bao has gradually gained a foothold with its balanced strength and high cost performance. It is indeed a model worthy of recommendation, because its price is comparable to that of compact cars such as sagitar, but it is an out-and-out medium-sized car.

　　Mai Rui Bao uses a sail brand maintenance-free battery with a capacity of 60Ah and a low-temperature starting current of 525A. This battery is priced at 452 yuan in the 4S shop, and the working hours are paid in 90 yuan, so the overall cost is not expensive.

Summary:

　　At present, most family cars on the market use maintenance-free batteries, while only some Japanese manufacturers insist on using non-maintenance-free batteries. However, even today’s non-maintenance-free batteries, in fact, under normal use, there is no need for users to regularly replenish electrolyte, which is as convenient to use as maintenance-free batteries, and their service lives are similar. Judging from the models we investigated in this issue, the batteries they use can reassure consumers in terms of brand and parameters. Only with the increase of purchasing cost, the quotation of 4S stores for batteries is generally high, which is about 200 yuan on average. Therefore, we suggest that if your vehicle has exceeded the warranty period, it is more cost-effective to replace the battery in some regular auto repair shops, provided, of course, that the replaced battery must match the vehicle. (Text/Figure car home Zhang Ziyi)

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In order to fully reflect the spread of malicious programs, vulnerability risks, DDoS attacks, website security and other aspects of China’s Internet in the first half of 2020, CNCERT combed the monitoring data in the first half of the year and formed the monitoring data analysis report as follows. To download the report, please click the attachment at the end of the article.

catalogue

First, malicious programs

(A) computer malicious program capture

(2) Infection of users of computer malicious programs

(3) Malicious mobile Internet programs

(4) Malicious programs for networked smart devices

Second, security vulnerabilities

Third, denial of service attacks

(A) the active situation of attack resources

(2) The situation of large-volume attacks in China

(3) The activity of mainstream attack platforms

Fourth, website security

(A) phishing

(2) The back door of the website

(C) Web tampering

V. Cloud platform security

Six, industrial control system safety

(A) exposure of industrial control system on the Internet side

(II) Threat monitoring on the Internet side of industrial control system

(3) Information on safety loopholes of industrial control products

First, malicious programs

(A) computer malicious program capture

In the first half of 2020, about 18.15 million samples of computer malicious programs were captured, with an average daily spread of more than 4.83 million times, involving about 11,000 families of computer malicious programs. According to the statistics of communication sources, overseas malicious programs mainly come from the United States, Seychelles and Canada, and the specific distribution abroad is shown in Figure 1. Malicious programs located in China mainly come from Zhejiang, Guangdong and Beijing. According to the target IP statistics, there are about 42.08 million IP addresses attacked by computer malicious programs in China, accounting for 12.4% of the total IP addresses in China. These attacked IP addresses are mainly concentrated in Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, etc. The distribution of IP addresses attacked by computer malicious programs in China is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1 Distribution of computer malicious code propagation sources outside China

Fig. 2 IP distribution under computer malicious code attack in China

(2) Infection of users of computer malicious programs

The number of hosts infected with computer malicious programs in China is about 3.04 million, up 25.7% year-on-year. About 25,000 computer malicious program control servers located abroad control about 3.03 million hosts in China. In terms of the countries or regions where the control servers belong, the number of control servers located in the United States, China, Hong Kong and the Netherlands ranks in the top three, with about 8,216, 1,478 and 1,064 respectively, with specific distribution as shown in Figure 3; In terms of the number of hosts controlled in China, the control scales of control servers located in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany rank the top three, controlling about 2.52 million, 1.27 million and 1.17 million hosts in China respectively, as shown in Figure 4. In addition, according to the sampling monitoring data, it is found that attacks against IPv6 networks have also begun to appear, and computer malicious program control servers with about 1,200 IPv6 addresses abroad have controlled about 15,000 IPv6 address hosts in China.

Fig. 3 Distribution of control terminals of overseas Trojan botnets that control hosts in China.

Figure 4 Countries or regions that control the number of TOP10 hosts in China.

From the regional distribution of the number of hosts infected with computer malicious programs in China, they are mainly distributed in Jiangsu Province (accounting for 15.3% of the infected number in China), Zhejiang Province (accounting for 11.9%), Guangdong Province (accounting for 11.6%), etc. The specific distribution is shown in Figure 5. Among botnets infected with malicious computer programs, there are 4,696 botnets with a scale of more than 100 hosts and 16 botnets with a scale of more than 100,000, as shown in Figure 6. Relevant institutions have disposed of 45 botnets with large control scale, effectively controlling the harm caused by computer malicious programs infecting the host.

Figure 5 The number of hosts infected with Trojan bots in China is distributed by region.

Figure 6 Scale distribution of botnets

(3) Malicious mobile Internet programs

Through independent capture and vendor exchange, more than 1.63 million malicious mobile Internet programs were discovered, up 58.3% year-on-year. Through the statistics of malicious behavior of malicious programs, it is found that the top three are still hooliganism, tariff consumption and information theft, accounting for 36.5%, 29.2% and 15.1% respectively. In order to effectively prevent the harm of malicious programs on the mobile Internet and strictly control the spread of malicious programs on the mobile Internet, 812 malicious programs on 125 platforms providing mobile application download services in China have been removed, effectively preventing the harm of malicious programs on the mobile Internet and strictly controlling the spread of malicious programs on the mobile Internet.

In recent years, China has gradually increased the security management of App stores and Applications, requiring App stores to conduct real-name audits of developers who put apps on the shelves, and conduct security inspections and content copyright audits on apps, which makes it more difficult for Internet black-market app stores to spread malicious apps. At the same time, however, the "edge-ball" gray applications that can evade supervision and achieve bad purposes have increased. For example, counterfeit apps with fishing purposes and fraudulent behaviors have become an important tool for illegal production, which continues to pose a greater threat to users in important industries such as finance, transportation and telecommunications. In the first half of 2020, 180 new download links of counterfeit apps were discovered through independent monitoring and complaint reporting. These counterfeit apps have the characteristics of easy copying, frequent version updates, and rapid spread of hot spots. They are mainly concentrated in popular applications such as counterfeit public security law, banking, social software, payment software, and ticketing software. The counterfeiting methods are mainly counterfeit names, icons, pages, etc., which are very deceptive. At present, because developers need to submit proof materials such as software copyright before Applying for the Application in the app store, it is difficult for counterfeit apps to be put on the app store, and its circulation channels are mainly concentrated in other online communication channels such as network disk, cloud disk and advertising platform.

(4) Malicious programs for networked smart devices

At present, there are more than 15 malicious programs active on smart devices, including Mirai, Gafgyt, Dofloo, Tsunami, Hajime, MrBlack, Mozi, PinkPot and so on. These malicious programs generally invade and control smart devices through vulnerabilities and violent cracking. After being controlled by intrusion, there are security threats and risks such as user information and device data being stolen, hardware devices being controlled and destroyed, devices being used as a springboard to attack other hosts in the intranet or launching DDoS attacks abroad. In the first half of the year, about 1.26 million malicious programs were found on smart devices, most of which belonged to Mirai family and Gafgyt family, accounting for more than 96.0%. There are more than 50,000 IP addresses in the server, and the number of IP addresses of suspected infected smart devices in China is about 920,000, which is basically the same as that in the first half of 2019, mainly located in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Liaoning provinces. The accused networked smart devices launched DDoS attacks on more than 1,000 targets every day, which was basically the same as that in the first half of 2019.

Second, security vulnerabilities

The National Information Security Vulnerability Sharing Platform (CNVD) included 11,073 general security vulnerabilities, a substantial increase of 89.0% year-on-year. Among them, the number of high-risk vulnerabilities was 4,280 (accounting for 38.7%), up 108.3% year-on-year, and the number of "zero-day" vulnerabilities was 4,582 (accounting for 41.4%), up 80.7% year-on-year. Security vulnerabilities mainly cover vendors or platforms such as Google, WordPress and Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to the statistics of the affected objects, the top three are application vulnerabilities (48.5%), Web application vulnerabilities (26.5%) and operating system vulnerabilities (10.0%), as shown in Figure 7. In the first half of 2020, CNVD handled nearly 15,000 incidents involving network security vulnerabilities such as government agencies and important information systems.

Figure 7CNVD includes statistics of security vulnerabilities classified by affected objects.

Third, denial of service attacks

Due to the characteristics of low attack cost and obvious attack effect, DDoS attack is still one of the most common and influential network security threats faced by Internet users. Sampling monitoring found that the number of high-traffic DDoS attacks with daily peak traffic exceeding 10Gbps in China was basically the same as that in 2019, with about 220 incidents.

(A) the active situation of attack resources

After continuous monitoring, analysis and disposal, the stability of available DDoS attack resources is reduced, and the number of available active resources is controlled at a low level. Cumulative monitoring found 2,379 active C&C control servers for launching DDoS attacks, of which 95.5% were located abroad, mainly from the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, etc. There are about 1.22 million active controlled hosts, of which 90.3% are from China, mainly from Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shandong and Anhui provinces. There are about 8.01 million reflection attack servers, of which 67.4% are from China, mainly from Liaoning, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces.

(2) The situation of large-volume attacks in China

During the monitoring, it is found that the main attack methods are still TCP SYN Flood, NTP Amplification, SSDP Amplification, DNS Amplification and UDP Flood.The above five attacks accounted for 82.9%. In order to avoid traceability, attackers tend to use these attack methods which are easy to hide the attack source, and flexibly combine the attack traffic according to the protection of the attack target, and the proportion of mixed attack methods is 16.4%. In addition, with the rampant "DDoS as a service" black production mode in recent years, attackers tend to use high-traffic attacks to instantly paralyze the target network. The proportion of attacks with DDoS attack duration less than half an hour is 81.5%, and the targets are mainly located in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong and Beijing, accounting for 81.1%.

(3) The activity of mainstream attack platforms

Through continuous monitoring and tracking of the activity of DDoS attack platforms, it is found that DDoS attack platforms on web pages and botnet families such as Gafgyt, Mirai, Xor, BillGates and Mayday are still active, and there are many DDoS attacks. As one of the black production modes of "DDoS as a service", the web page DDoS attack platform provides services directly to users, and users can launch attacks on their own as needed, which greatly reduces the difficulty of launching DDoS attacks and leads to further proliferation of DDoS attacks. The monitoring found that the number of DDoS attacks initiated by the web DDoS attack platform was the largest, increasing by 32.2% compared with the first half of 2019. At present, a large number of active Internet of Things devices lacking security protection on the Internet provide a large number of controlled resources for the rampant development of DDoS attack platforms, resulting in a high number of DDoS attacks. New variants of Gafgyt and Mirai malicious programs appear constantly, which keeps the number of botnet control terminals and attack events formed by them at a high level, while Xor malicious program family has obvious characteristics that it provides "DDoS as a service" black-market business, showing that it maintains a high attack frequency with a small number of control terminals.

Fourth, website security

(A) phishing

The monitoring found that there were about 19,000 counterfeit pages for websites in China. CNCERT mainly disposed of 6,226 counterfeit pages such as online business halls in the financial industry and telecommunications industry, with a year-on-year decrease of 48.1%. In the coordinated disposal of counterfeit pages, the IP address of the counterfeit page still ranks first in China and Hongkong, accounting for 74.0%. At the same time, the number of counterfeit pages on the "ETC online authentication" website on the internet has increased by spurt. After entering May, the number of phishing pages related to "ETC online authentication" accounted for as high as 61.2%, and the main IP addresses of such phishing websites are still located abroad. The forms of counterfeiting mainly include different page themes such as "ETC information authentication", "ETC online authentication" and "ETC online authentication center", and fraudsters trick users into submitting personal privacy information such as real name, bank card account number, ID number, bank reserved mobile phone number and withdrawal password.

(2) The back door of the website

About 18,000 IP addresses at home and abroad have implanted backdoors into about 35,900 websites in China, and the number of websites implanted with backdoors in China has increased by 36.9% compared with the first half of 2019. Among them, there are about 18,000 overseas IP addresses (accounting for 99.3% of all IP addresses) that have implanted backdoors into about 35,700 websites in China, with the most IP addresses located in the United States, accounting for 19.0% of the total overseas IP addresses, followed by IP addresses located in the Philippines and China, as shown in Figure 8. In terms of controlling the total number of websites in China, IP addresses located in the Philippines control the largest number of websites in China, about 13,600, followed by IP addresses located in China, Hongkong and the United States, which control 7,300 and 6,020 websites in China respectively. In addition, with the accelerated deployment of IPv6 in China, the scope of websites supporting IPv6 is expanding. In addition, there were 592 backdoor incidents of websites whose attack source and target were IPv6 addresses, involving a total of 35 attack source IPv6 addresses and 72 domain names of attacked IPv6 address resolution websites.

Figure 8 TOP10 of the country or region where the backdoor IP address is implanted into the website in China from overseas.

(C) Web tampering

There are about 74,000 websites that have been tampered with in China, including 318 government websites that have been tampered with. Judging from the distribution of top-level domain names of tampered web pages in China, ".com", ".net" and ".org" still rank in the top three, accounting for 74.1%, 5.1% and 1.7% of the total respectively, as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Distribution of tampered websites in China by top-level domain name

V. Cloud platform security

The situation of network security threats on China’s cloud platforms is still grim. First of all, the proportion of all kinds of network security incidents that occurred on the mainstream cloud platforms in China is still high. Among them, the number of DDoS attacks on the cloud platform accounts for 76.1% of the attacks on domestic targets, the number of embedded backdoor links accounts for 90.3% of all embedded backdoor links in China, and the number of tampered pages accounts for 93.2% of the number of tampered pages in China. Secondly, attackers often use China’s cloud platform to launch cyber attacks. Among them, the number of DDoS attacks initiated by the cloud platform as the control terminal accounts for 79.0% of the number of DDoS attacks initiated by domestic control, the number of IP addresses of controlled terminals controlled by malicious programs such as Trojans and botnets accounts for 96.3% of all IP addresses of controlled terminals in China, and the number of malicious programs carried by them accounts for 79.0% of the number of malicious programs carried on the domestic Internet.

Six, industrial control system safety

(A) exposure of industrial control system on the Internet side

Monitoring found that 4,630 industrial devices were exposed to the Internet, involving 47 types of devices, such as programmable logic controllers, intelligent buildings and data acquisition, from 35 domestic and foreign manufacturers. The specific types are shown in Figure 10. Among them, the equipment with high-risk vulnerabilities accounts for about 41%. The monitoring found 480 sets of networked monitoring and management systems exposed in key industries such as electric power, oil and gas, urban rail transit, etc., including 262 sets of electric power, 118 sets of oil and gas, and 100 sets of urban rail transit. The types involved include government supervision platform, remote monitoring, asset management, engineering safety, data detection system, pipe network dispatching system, OA system, cloud platform, etc. The specific platform types are shown in Figure 11. Among them, about 11.1% systems have high-risk vulnerabilities such as information leakage, cross-site request forgery and improper input verification. Once the industrial control system exposed to the Internet is attacked, it will seriously threaten the safety of the production system.

Fig. 10 Type statistics of networked industrial equipment discovered by monitoring.

Figure 11 Statistics on the types of networked monitoring management systems in key industries discovered by monitoring.

(II) Threat monitoring on the Internet side of industrial control system

The network assets of domestic industrial control systems continue to be scanned and sniffed from abroad, with an average of more than 20,000 times a day. Through analysis, the sniffing behavior originated from 90 countries such as the United States, Britain and Germany, and the target involved networked industrial control equipment and systems in key industries such as energy, manufacturing and communication. A large number of network assets information of key information infrastructure and its networked control system are sniffed abroad, which brings hidden dangers to cyberspace security in China. China’s large industrial cloud platforms, such as Genyun, Aerospace Cloud, OneNET, COSMOPlat, Aopu Cloud and Jizhiyun, continue to suffer from network attacks from abroad, with an average number of attacks of 114 times per day, up 27% year-on-year. The types of attacks are shown in Figure 12, involving remote code execution, denial of service, Web vulnerability exploitation, etc. Industrial cloud platforms carry a large number of access devices, business systems, as well as enterprise, personal information and important data.

Figure 12 Type distribution of attack events of industrial cloud platform

(3) Information on safety loopholes of industrial control products

The four vulnerability platforms of CNVD, CVE, NVD and CNNVD newly included 323 vulnerabilities of industrial control system products, of which high, medium and dangerous vulnerabilities accounted for 94.7%. As shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14, the products affected by the vulnerability are widely used in key information infrastructure industries such as manufacturing, energy, water treatment, information technology, chemical industry, transportation, commercial facilities, agriculture, water conservancy projects, government agencies, etc. The product suppliers involved in the vulnerability mainly include ABB, Wanke, Siemens, Advantech, Schneider, Mossa, Mitsubishi, Haiwei, Asia Control and Yonghong.

Figure 13 Industrial distribution of new industrial control product vulnerabilities TOP10 (Note: products affected by vulnerabilities can be applied to multiple industries)

Figure 14 Supplier Distribution of Newly Added Industrial Control Product Vulnerabilities TOP1

Attachment: Analysis Report on China’s Internet Network Security Monitoring Data in the First Half of 2020