CCTV News:The State Council Office held a press conference on the operation of the national economy in July 2023. Fu Linghui, spokesperson of the National Bureau of Statistics and director of the National Economic Statistics Department, introduced at the meeting that since August this year, the release of the urban survey unemployment rate of young people of all ages in China will be suspended, mainly because the economy and society are constantly developing and changing, the statistical work needs to be continuously improved, and the labor force survey statistics need to be further improved and optimized. For example, in recent years, among the young people in cities and towns in China, the number of students at school has been expanding. In 2022, there were more than 96 million urban youths aged 16-24 in China, including more than 65 million students. The main task of students in school is to study. Whether students looking for jobs before graduation should be included in the labor force survey and statistics, there are different views in various sectors of society, which need further study. For another example, with the improvement of the education level of Chinese residents, the study time of young people in school has increased. In the labor force survey statistics, the definition of the age range of young people also needs further study.

　　In view of these situations, the National Bureau of Statistics will conduct in-depth research to further improve the labor force survey statistics and better reflect the employment situation. We welcome valuable opinions from all walks of life and make joint efforts to promote the continuous improvement of statistical work and better serve economic and social development.

CCTV News:This year’s National Day holiday, local tours and outings that do not travel far and gather together have become the choices of many tourists. After punching in the old city, I always wanted to see the exhibitions that I didn’t see when I went to the museum. The local people traveled locally, which made many tourists discover the "beauty" that they hadn’t found around them.

During the holiday, in the Jinsha Site Museum in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, the dual cultural experience of ancient Shu civilization and shellfish world met the audience for the first time, and more than 1,200 precious shellfish specimens and related cultural relics were presented in a concentrated way. Visitors can see 29 rare shellfish specimens such as clams and hundreds of other kinds of shellfish at a glance, and they are accompanied by an immersive exhibition hall for landscaping, which has become a lot of local treasures.

In addition to exploring the wonderful shellfish world, in the permanent exhibition area of Jinsha Site Museum, precious cultural relics unearthed from Jinsha Site, such as the golden ornaments of the sun god bird, the bronze figurine and the ten-section jade cong, also attracted many visitors.

During the "Eleventh" period, autumn is crisp, and local outdoor activities are more favored by consumers. In Laojun Mountain Scenic Area in Luoyang, Henan Province, the primeval forest at the top of the mountain is dense, and the pleasant climate attracts a large number of tourists to climb the mountain and look far.

In Hainan, scenic spots such as Luhuitou and Dongdongtian in Sanya are open to citizens free of charge. In the Panda Exhibition Hall of Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park in Haikou, the staff put Wowotou, bamboo shoots and carrots together in bamboo baskets in advance. At this time, the panda Shunshun is enjoying its "hot pot" meal. The five-pointed star hanging in the exhibition hall and the panda display board printed with the words "Happy National Day" have added a lot of festive atmosphere.

The monitoring results in china tourism academy show that during the National Day holiday this year, the national tourism market is dominated by local leisure and short-distance tourism. Among short-distance tourism, suburban tourism accounts for about 36%. The booking of train lines in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces is hot. From the time point of view, the number of people who travel within three days of the National Day holiday is expected to account for about 55%, which means that the number of people who travel for seven days is divided into short trips and multiple trips.

　　Recently, there are always people on the Internet who say that the barbecue in Zibo is "cold". There are three reasons: first, the passenger flow has dropped; second, some barbecue shops have begun to transfer their facades; third, the popularity of online search is not as good as before.

　　It is better to return to normal than to be "cool". At present, although the barbecue in Zibo is "cooling down", it does not mean that there is no heat. The owner of the barbecue shop reported that although the current passenger flow is not as good as the peak period in April and May, it is still much more than before the "fire"; Although the booking volume of hotels and homestays has declined, the booking situation of the Dragon Boat Festival holiday not long ago is still considerable. It can be seen that the heat of barbecue is still warming many operators in this city.

　　This is Linzi Barbecue Courtyard located in Linzi District, Zibo City. Photo by Zhu Zheng (Xinhua News Agency)

　　The popularity of barbecue in Zibo attracted many entrants. According to the data, from March 1st to June 18th, there were 694 barbecue-related enterprises in Zibo, among which there were veterans in the catering industry and novices. Under the baptism of the market tide, there are shops that have always maintained a high standard of taste and service and are still full of passengers; There are also those who lack stable customers and good word-of-mouth support and can only transfer the facade.

　　Zibo barbecue has become a phenomenal "national feast", which is the result of spontaneous promotion by tourists, rapid response by the government, active maintenance by citizens and other factors, and the help of network traffic can not be ignored.

　　The speed of creating hot spots on the Internet is often very fast. The online "mountain-like tsunami" traffic is transformed into offline short-time passenger flow, which tests the city’s ability to provide a perfect business reception environment and high-quality public services. Once it fails to meet the expectations of tourists, the voice of praise may turn into complaints, which is an examination question that all online celebrity cities need to face. In addition, the Internet traffic economy has the characteristics of rapid upgrading and short life cycle. Not only in Zibo, but also in other online celebrity cities, it is difficult to keep the heat at its peak all the time, and the change of "You sing and I come on stage" is not uncommon in cyberspace. When the flow ebbs, how to cultivate the new kinetic energy of sustainable development is another question for online celebrity. A single barbecue may not be able to meet the experience needs of tourists’ differentiated and diversified leisure tourism. There are many articles to be done from these perspectives, such as exploring tourism resources, enriching the supply of tourism products and injecting the soul into tourism with culture.

　　A nationwide barbecue made more people know about Zibo, and its good consumption environment and excellent public services made it famous. For this newly-built city of online celebrity, people’s continuous concern is the most precious wealth for the long-term development of Zibo.

　　Economic Daily (by Zhang Xue)

　　The girl was burned and died after imitating a short video. Nearly 20 days later, "Office Xiao Ye" made its first sound, and the incident is still fermenting. No matter who is responsible for it for the time being, it did start with a dangerous short video. While sighing for the two girls, we should also reflect on the production and dissemination methods of short videos that only pay attention to traffic gimmicks and ignore risk warnings.

　　In the current era of short videos, everyone can make videos as bloggers, especially some "life tips" videos with a different approach, which are not only popular, but also easy to be imitated by viewers. However, minors do not have enough ability to judge the right and wrong of things around them and are prone to danger. It is far from enough to rely on a simple "operation is dangerous, please do not imitate". How to ensure the safe and healthy viewing of minors is a problem that short video producers and platforms must face.

　　The occurrence of tragedy once again sounded the alarm. Nowadays, hundreds of millions of producers and short videos are active in the network. Short video platforms should also take the responsibility of auditing and be responsible to users while obtaining traffic from them. They should not ignore safety, health and ethical barbaric growth. Moreover, this needs to attract the attention of the whole society and relevant departments. A series of systems, such as network blacklist, real-name registration system and content grading, need to be introduced urgently, so that the development of short video can be regulated by rules and laws, and if necessary, it should be regulated by powerful administrative means to avoid more tragedies. Qilu Evening News Qilu Yidian reporter Li Xiaodong

　 　 　 　 Heavy! Against the background that the US keeps escalating the Sino-US trade friction despite its opposition, the Press Office in the State Council, China today released a white paper entitled "Facts about Sino-US Trade Friction and China’s Position". This nearly 40,000-word document clarified the key facts in Sino-US economic and trade with detailed data and cases, strongly refuted a series of untenable arguments of the US government, and fully expounded China’s position and attitude. On Sino-US economic and trade frictions, the white paper puts forward 13 authoritative conclusions!

Conclusion 1. The "American Loss Theory" is untenable.

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, bilateral economic and trade relations have continued to develop, and cooperation in trade and investment has achieved fruitful results, achieving complementary advantages and mutual benefit. China has benefited a lot from it, and the United States has also gained extensive and huge economic benefits from it, sharing the opportunities and achievements brought by the development of China.

On the whole, Sino-US economic and trade cooperation is a win-win relationship, not a zero-sum game. American enterprises and nationals have benefited from it, and the "American loss theory" claimed by some Americans is untenable.

Second, it is unfair to blame China for the imbalance of trade in goods between China and the United States.

The imbalance of trade in goods between China and the United States is more a natural result of the independent choice of the market under the American economic structure and the existing comparative advantage pattern. To solve this problem, both sides need to make joint efforts to carry out structural adjustment. It is unfair and unreasonable for the United States to ignore many factors that affect Sino-US economic and trade relations, unilaterally emphasize the imbalance of trade in goods between the two countries, and blame China.

Third, the so-called "fair trade" in the United States will cause a wider range of unfairness

The so-called "fair trade" emphasized by the current American government is not based on international rules, but on the premise of "American priority" and aims at safeguarding America’s own interests.

The "fair trade" and "reciprocal opening" advocated by the United States deny the objective differences in the development stages, resource endowments and advantageous industries of various countries, and ignore the development rights of developing countries, which will inevitably have an impact on the economies and industries of developing countries, resulting in a wider range of unfairness, and ultimately will not be conducive to American enterprises to expand the international market and share the development opportunities of developing countries.

The so-called "compulsory technology transfer" in China is a complete distortion of the facts.

Since China’s reform and opening-up, in order to expand emerging markets, save production expenses, realize economies of scale and extend the time of technology profit, foreign enterprises have taken the initiative to establish cooperative partnership with China enterprises, signed contracts and transferred their production capacity and orders to China, which is entirely a voluntary behavior of enterprises based on commercial interests. We should not distort the original voluntary trading activities of both parties into compulsory technology transfer because of the technological progress of enterprises in China, which is neither in line with historical facts nor a betrayal of the spirit of contract.

The U.S. government calls the voluntary cooperation of foreign-invested enterprises to establish partnership with China enterprises, transfer or license their technology and jointly obtain commercial returns in the China market "compulsory technology transfer", which is a complete distortion of the facts.

Conclusion 5. The accusation of the United States against intellectual property protection in China is contrary to the facts.

China has a clear and firm attitude towards the protection of intellectual property rights, and has continuously strengthened protection at the legislative, law enforcement and judicial levels, and achieved remarkable results. The recent accusation of the US government against China’s intellectual property protection is contrary to the facts, completely obliterating China’s great efforts and achievements in intellectual property protection.

Conclusion 6. China government’s support for enterprises to go global is not a government action to promote enterprises to acquire advanced technology from other countries through mergers and acquisitions.

Like other countries and regions in the world, China government supports powerful and qualified enterprises to invest abroad and expand the international market on the premise of observing the laws and regulations of the host country and international rules, and the government provides convenient services for enterprises’ foreign investment cooperation. The United States regards the China government’s support for enterprises to go abroad as a government action to promote enterprises to acquire advanced technology from other countries through mergers and acquisitions, which lacks factual basis.

Conclusion 7. There are a large number of investment and trade restrictions policies and behaviors in the United States.

There are a large number of investment and trade restrictions policies and behaviors in the United States that distort market competition, hinder fair trade and split the global industrial chain, which are detrimental to the rule-based multilateral trading system and seriously affect the normal development of Sino-US economic and trade relations.

Conclusion 8. The international trade friction provoked by the United States will ultimately harm the long-term interests of the United States.

As the main founder and participant of the international economic order and multilateral trading system after World War II, the United States should take the lead in observing multilateral trade rules and properly handle trade frictions with other member countries through the dispute settlement mechanism under the framework of the World Trade Organization, which is also a clear commitment made by the US government to the international community. However, since taking office, the new American administration has unilaterally emphasized "American priority", pursued unilateralism and economic hegemonism, abandoned international commitments, and provoked international trade frictions in all directions, which not only harmed the interests of China and other countries, but also damaged the international image of the United States itself, shaken the foundation of the global multilateral trading system, and will ultimately harm the long-term interests of the United States.

Conclusion 9. The extreme trade protection measures taken by the United States hurt global economic and trade relations.

A series of extreme trade protection measures adopted by the US government have destroyed the international economic order, harmed global economic and trade relations including Sino-US economic and trade exchanges, impacted the global value chain and the international division of labor system, interfered with market expectations, and triggered violent shocks in international finance and commodity markets, which has become the biggest uncertain factor and risk source for global economic recovery.

Conclusion X. China is confident, determined and capable of coping with various risk challenges.

For the trade war, China is unwilling to fight, not afraid to fight, and has to fight if necessary. We have strong economic resilience and broad market space, the industrious and intelligent people of China, and the support of all countries in the world that oppose protectionism, unilateralism and hegemonism. We are confident, determined and capable of coping with various risk challenges. No external factor can prevent China from developing and growing.

The healthy and stable development of Sino-US economic and trade relations is expected by the international community.

Sino-US economic and trade frictions are related to global economic stability and prosperity, and to world peace and development, and should be properly resolved. Peace between China and the United States is beneficial, but fighting is harmful. It is in the fundamental interests of the two peoples and the common interests of the people of the world to maintain healthy and stable economic and trade relations between the two sides, which is expected by the international community.

Conclusion XII. The open door of China will not be closed, but will only grow wider and wider.

Reform and opening up is the basic national policy of China and the fundamental driving force for the development of China. The direction of China’s reform will not be reversed, but will continue to deepen. China’s open door will not be closed, but will only get wider and wider. China will continue to deepen reform and open wider to the outside world in accordance with the established deployment and pace, comprehensively promote the rule of law and build a socialist country ruled by law.

Conclusion XIII. China adheres to the general trend and the right path and unswervingly upholds the multilateral trading system.

If you get the word, you will get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. Faced with the international situation of increasing uncertainties, instability and insecurity, China Do not forget your initiative mind has always walked with the world, followed the general trend, upheld justice and followed the right path, unswervingly safeguarded the multilateral trading system, unswervingly promoted the reform of the global governance system, always been a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development and a defender of the international order, and unswervingly promoted the building of a community of human destiny.

(finishing: People’s Daily client Yue Xiaoqiao Zuo Xiao)

In April this year, Tesla CEO Musk lightning visited China, and his arrival also reminded the outside world of the discussion and speculation about Tesla’s fully autonomous driving (hereinafter referred to as "FSD") entering China.

In fact, there are many challenges that FSD needs to face when entering China, including data and privacy protection, whether domestic users can accept the charging model, and the approval of relevant departments. There have been many unknowns in this matter.

However, just as the new energy vehicle circle intends to improve its smart driving ability while waiting for the FSD to enter China, Musk said at the just-held conference call of Tesla’s second quarter earnings report that the FSD is expected to be approved in China and Europe before the end of this year.

Under this circumstance, the entry of FSD into China is no longer a "pie", but a "countdown" is officially started. If it goes well, domestic Tesla owners are expected to be able to pay for the use of FSD after half a year. Can this help Tesla recover the increasingly stalled sales in China?

Tesla’s profit margin is under pressure.

While the outside world is concerned about FSD’s entry into China, Tesla recently released its financial report for the second quarter of 2024. The report shows that Tesla’s total revenue in the second quarter increased slightly by 2% to $25.5 billion, but after removing the income from carbon points, the actual automobile sales revenue was only $18.5 billion, down 7% year-on-year, slightly lower than the market expectation of $18.7 billion; Net profit was $1.494 billion, down 45% from the same period last year.

In the face of such a financial report, Tesla’s share price also fell by more than 8%. However, for Tesla, whose share price has been soaring since the second half of the year, the adjustment of the current share price is obviously only a slight fluctuation.

Since July, Tesla’s share price has risen by more than 25%, and even in the first week of July, its increase has erased all the declines in the first half of the year.

The "good" behind Tesla’s share price, on the one hand, is because its delivery volume in the second quarter was 444,000 vehicles, which was 4.8% lower than that in the same period of last year, but increased by 14.7% from the previous month. Considering the relatively weak global electric vehicle market, for Tesla, this achievement has been better than the expectations of Wall Street institutions.

On the other hand, what attracts capital to vote with their feet is Tesla’s "new story" in artificial intelligence and autonomous driving. In April this year, Musk announced that Tesla will release Robotaxi products on August 8 this year (it has been confirmed that it will be postponed until October); In July, Musk said that humanoid robots will be produced in small batches next year.

In addition, as the world’s first "end-to-end" AI autopilot model, the FSD V12 released at the end of last year is also a trump card of Tesla. Insiders pointed out that Tesla may be the most underestimated "AI investment target" in the US stock market. Some analysts estimate that the valuation of FSD business may be as high as 1 trillion US dollars, which has exceeded Tesla’s market value of about 800 billion US dollars.

But to prop up such a huge imagination space, it is natural to have the support of real money and silver. Tesla said in a statement that the profit in the second quarter was mainly affected by "artificial intelligence projects" and "restructuring costs", which refers to the cost paid by Tesla for 10% layoffs in April this year.

However, in addition to the increase in investment, Tesla’s sluggish auto business is the key to affecting the company’s performance. The decline in revenue is mainly due to the decline in automobile sales, while the profit is "halved" because bicycle profits continue to shrink, and the price war brought about by fierce competition in the industry has equally affected every car company.

In the second quarter of this year, Tesla’s overall gross profit margin was 18%, which was higher than that in the past three quarters, but the gross profit margin of automobile sales fell to 13.9%, which means that Tesla’s gross profit for selling a car was $5,784, compared with $13,809 two years ago.

FSD will play catfish again

Therefore, this "FSD entry into China" has also become a key step for Tesla to regain lost ground in the China market, not only to promote product iteration and boost sales in China market, but also to preempt the layout of the intelligent networked automobile market.

As we all know, in the field of intelligent driving, Tesla has always been a "minority". Compared with the lidar route selected by most domestic auto-driving solution suppliers, the pure visual route that Tesla adheres to has not been the mainstream solution.

However, since last year, the domestic "smart driving route" has quietly turned its direction. On the one hand, the rise of the big model has become a new variable. Musk said that after FSD adopts end-to-end technology, it only needs 3,000 lines of code to replace the original 300,000 lines of code.

On the other hand, more and more car companies are actively promoting urban NOA, but compared with high-speed scenes, the complexity of road conditions in urban scenes can be described as a geometric increase. If we still rely on the research and development method of handwritten rules by engineers, it will not only increase the development cost of car companies, but also slow down the progress of "opening the city" of car companies.

Xia Yiping, CEO of Extreme Vietnam, once said that whoever has not landed this year "can drive the whole country intelligently" will fall behind in the wave of intelligence. The intelligent competition of the new energy cycle has reached a white-hot stage, and every car company is naturally "hurry up and don’t hurry up".

It can be seen that "FSD’s entry into China" has accelerated the intellectual competition between car companies, but for car companies, FSD may not be an invincible opponent.

For example, some time ago, Chairman Xpeng Motors went to California to experience the version of FSD V12.3.6, and gave an evaluation of "excellent performance". However, when talking about FSD’s entry into China, he said that it would face more complicated road conditions when it landed in China.

Yu Chengdong, chairman of BU, a smart car solution, welcomed Tesla FSD to enter the China market, but also stressed that Huawei enhanced its perception by using lidar, which made Huawei’s intelligent driving system outperform Tesla in the China market.

However, compared with the optimism of car companies, the view that there is no direct competition with Tesla seems to be more conservative. Some insiders said that Tesla’s chips and algorithms are strongly bound, and the cost is only one-third of that of peers.

In contrast, the domestic automobile products that focus on intelligent driving have not been optimized for software and hardware integration, and more hardware will be invested in the future to achieve the same effect. In addition, Tesla has obvious data advantages. It is reported that the cumulative mileage of Tesla FSD has exceeded 1.6 billion kilometers.

Of course, in terms of intelligent driving, whether Tesla is a "wolf" or a "sheep" will eventually have to wait until the FSD lands, so that domestic car companies and Tesla can compete with each other. But before that, Tesla has obviously become a "catfish", driving the development of the entire intelligent driving industry in China.

Tesla can also accelerate learning in the competition. When Tesla can get more domestic city driving data support, it may be able to take another share in the field of Robotaxi and accelerate the development in the field of intelligent networked vehicles.

Tesla expects to boost sales.

Of course, compared with the higher-order assisted driving explosion, whether it can boost domestic market sales through FSD may be a more urgent task for Tesla.

To be sure, the market has high hopes for the new version of FSD. If the landing effect of China market is amazing, it will not only change the pattern of the whole autonomous driving industry, but also bring "early adopter effect" and promote Tesla’s sales.

But at the same time, there are still many uncertainties about the performance of FSD in the domestic market. First, considering the differences in road conditions and training scenes at home and abroad, it is hard to say whether the performance of the "tiger" FSD is better than that of the "local snake".

Second, it is a question of willingness to pay. After accessing the credit card data of about 3,500 Tesla owners who participated in the FSD trial, some institutions found that less than 2% of Tesla users decided to buy after trying the FSD. It is reported that the price of FSD in China is 64,000 yuan. How many fans can FSD gain under the background that "paid awareness" has not been cultivated in the domestic autonomous driving market?

The most important factor is that intelligent driving has never been the only factor that affects consumers’ car purchase decisions. For Tesla, the lack of new models is the root of its recent continuous price war, and the lack of product innovation can only attract consumers by adjusting prices.

It is reported that Tesla’s new car is scheduled to start production in the first half of next year and will be produced on the same production line as the current model. However, sharing the production line means that the cost of this new car may not drop so much, and it is impossible to spell the "price bayonet", so the differentiation ability of the new car is even more critical.

It is worth mentioning that Tesla also talked about "price" in the financial report meeting. He said that he knew that many car manufacturers offered attractive price concessions, but in the long run, the price war was not a problem for Tesla.

So far, Tesla’s gross profit is still among the top cars, but it has room for price reduction, but it has no "one drop to the end". Although there are considerations such as product matrix and market reaction, instead of "scale rather than profit", perhaps Musk still prefers to use profits to accelerate the development of artificial intelligence and autonomous driving business.

As Musk said, "If someone doesn’t believe that Tesla can solve the problem of autonomous driving (FSD), they should not become investors in Tesla", which may be Tesla’s "long-term doctrine" in the future.

However, at the moment when intelligent assisted driving is rapidly heading for autonomous driving and even unmanned driving, are users really ready for the "unmanned era"?

　　There is such a kind of car that shuttles through the streets. People call it "Old Man Le". It looks like a car and is actually a four-wheel low-speed electric car. However, "Old Man Le" lacks basic safety configuration, poor stability, poor braking, and dangerous driving on the road, which is easy to cause traffic accidents.

　　Today (February 10th), the reporter learned that recently, Gaoyou Court concluded a product liability dispute case, in which the plaintiff injured a motorcycle rider while driving an electric four-wheeled vehicle, and had to pay nearly 200,000 yuan after mediation. The owner who can sell "Lao Toule" didn’t tell the truth, and the plaintiff mistakenly thought that "Lao Toule" was a non-motor vehicle and didn’t get a driver’s license, license or insure the vehicle. Later, the plaintiff sued the vehicle seller for compensation.

　　Uncle Wang (pseudonym), a citizen of Gaoyou, likes to go out for a stroll. Considering weather factors such as wind and rain, he bought an electric four-wheeled vehicle in 2021. With this car, Uncle Wang’s life is more colorful. He drives out from time to time, not to mention how happy he is. However, an accident made him deeply regret his original decision to buy a car. What’s going on here?

　　In March 2022, Uncle Wang was driving on a main road in a local town, with a fork in the road ahead, and suddenly a motorcycle came across. Uncle Wang’s left turn failed to avoid the straight motorcycle in time, causing the two cars to collide and the motorcycle rider fell to the ground and was injured. After the traffic accident, the traffic police arrived at the scene to deal with the accident, and the injured motorcycle rider Mr. Chen (pseudonym) was taken to the hospital for treatment. Mr. Chen was seriously injured and was discharged after a period of treatment. After identification, the degree of injury belongs to the second degree of serious injury. The results of the accident investigation were released, and Uncle Wang was completely dumbfounded after getting the appraisal results. After identification, the vehicle that Uncle Wang was driving was a motor vehicle, and the traffic police department issued the "Certificate of Road Traffic Accident", which determined that Uncle Wang did not obtain a motor vehicle driver’s license, drove an unregistered electric four-wheeled vehicle on the road, and did not let the straight vehicle go first when turning left at the intersection, which was the main cause of the accident, and the other party was responsible for the accident. After mediation, Uncle Wang needs to compensate the other party for 195,000 yuan. I have to bear a large amount of compensation at one time, and Uncle Wang is a little unable to sit still. "When I bought this car, the boss didn’t tell me to get a motor vehicle driver’s license, and I didn’t know that the vehicle had to be registered. It can’t be all on me." As a consumer, Uncle Wang said, "If I had known that this car belonged to a motor vehicle and the product had quality defects, I would not have paid for it."

　　The vehicle was not licensed, and Uncle Wang was still openly in driving without a license. According to him, it is mainly because I don’t know the nature of the car as an electric car. Afterwards, Uncle Wang thought that the seller of the electric four-wheeler did not explain to him that the car was an electric vehicle, which made him mistakenly think that he was driving a non-motor vehicle. "The business practices have made me miserable, and they should also bear the liability for compensation for the accident." Uncle Wang negotiated this matter with the vehicle sales department, but there was no progress. Finally, Uncle Wang took the sales department and operator Mr. Li (a pseudonym) to court. Recently, Gaoyou court heard the case. The judge pointed out that the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "If a product is defective and causes damage to others, the infringed may claim compensation from the producer of the product or the seller of the product.".

　　The Product Quality Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The defects mentioned in this law refer to the unreasonable dangers of products that endanger the personal and property safety of others; If the product has national standards and industry standards to protect human health and personal and property safety, it means that it does not meet the standards. " After trial, the court held that the defendant’s sales department sold the electric car to the plaintiff, and in the process of sales, the attributes of the vehicle were vaguely defined, misleading consumers to buy and use the electric car as a non-motor vehicle. However, the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the case was identified as a motor vehicle. The defendant’s sales department sold the products identified as motor vehicles, failed to warn consumers of the products, and had defects in instructions, explanations and warnings, which made the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the accident unreasonable and should be identified as defective products. Based on the defects of the product, one of the reasons for the accident was that the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved was not registered, the plaintiff drove on the road without obtaining a motor vehicle driver’s license, and did not follow the motor vehicle regulations.

　　That is to say, the defective electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the case has a causal relationship with the occurrence and damage results of this traffic accident, and the defendant’s sales department has a certain fault in failing to fulfill its warning obligations. The court also held that the plaintiff did not yield in accordance with the regulations in this accident, and his fault participation and cause in the traffic accident were far greater than the behavior of driving an unlicensed motor vehicle.

　　At the same time, the court considered that the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the case was different from the general electric two-wheeled bicycle by naked eyes, and the plaintiff, as the driver, should pay the utmost attention to the vehicle attributes when purchasing the vehicle. The plaintiff failed to carefully review the duty of care, and also made negligence. The court finally ruled that the defendant’s sales department was liable for 15% of the compensation and should compensate the plaintiff for 29,250 yuan.

　　("Zero Distance" reporter/Mika editor/Wang Ze)

Do you need to train sketch to draw Chinese painting? What is the current situation of sketch art and sketch education in China? Reporter The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) visited experts from major art institutions and art colleges in Shanghai to discuss this topic from various aspects such as Chinese painting, oil painting, printmaking and sculpture.

Zhang Peicheng (Vice Chairman of Shanghai Artists Association):

If Chinese painting wants to draw lessons from sketch, it must be cut in the way of Chinese painting.

Do you need to train sketch to draw Chinese painting? This issue has been controversial for a long time.

Everyone has a different understanding of the connotation and extension of sketch. Personally, I think that no matter oil painting, Chinese painting, printmaking or even abstract art, they are all in modeling. If sketch is a convenient way to solve modeling problems, it should still be necessary to learn sketch. Of course, there was no concept of sketch in ancient China, but the line drawing at that time was also a kind of sketch to some extent.

Sketch is actually a kind of judgment on modeling. This is the ability to feel the object.I think this ability to feel is very important for an artist. For example, when he sees a person, a scene or a bottle, he will feel and have the impulse to express himself. If this sensibility is innate, it is also necessary to tap this potential through sketch training. Of course, there are different ways of sketching, such as passively simulating nature and actively expressing objects. In fact, Chinese painting is adapted to the latter.

Western sketch also solves the problem of space. Stereo and perspective are basic skills in oil painting. For Chinese painting, the picture is flat. Even if we want to draw more realistic Chinese painting now, this space is different from oil painting. So,If we want to learn sketch in Chinese painting, its emphasis must be different from that in western painting. Otherwise, it will bring many negative effects.

In fact, among some Chinese painters older than me, some are very successful artists, but they still encounter bottlenecks. The reason is that too many western sketches were instilled in those years, and this influence is hard to get rid of, and problems arise when they are expressed with brush and ink lines of Chinese paintings. This kind of sketch training has become a shackle, which makes the performance of Chinese painting very free. From this perspective, sketch and Chinese painting are two systems. Especially for painters who paint landscapes, flowers and birds, it is absolutely impossible to use this sketching method to train, and they can’t paint plaster like western painting, and they can even not sketch.

But from a broad perspective, the sketch of Chinese painting can be trained in another way. For example, China’s drawing characters requires strong modeling ability, so modeling training is essential. The expression of Chinese painting is written, which requires the painter to express what he wants to express in one go very skillfully. If he hesitates a little in modeling and the pen stops, his writing will be greatly affected, and his breath will be "broken" immediately. However, the modeling training of Chinese painting should not draw long-term homework, otherwise it will damage the artistic expression.

Zhang Peicheng’s sketch works

In addition, the drawing method of Chinese painting sketch should also abandon the method of completely simulating the object and drawing in an orderly way. In today’s era, we should also encourage the diversity of modeling, draw our own feelings and create freely. I think this is more in line with the requirements of art.

In fact, in ancient times, although we didn’t learn sketch in the western sense, we also learned modeling by studying mustard seed garden and earlier pastels. For example, painting flowers requires a very good understanding of the structure of flowers. Take Qi Baishi as an example. He has never drawn a western sketch, but he knows the structure of the object very well. I remember once reading a document that Qi Baishi wanted to draw a duck. He carefully studied what the other paw was like when the duck landed on the ground, and he knew it clearly.Strictly speaking, we can also understand his process of figuring it out as a kind of sketch, because he is not only figuring it out in his mind, but also showing it in writing, so this is actually a study of modeling.Therefore, for Chinese painting, the training of sketch should have its own set of methods, instead of being "led by the nose" by the object, it should not be too realistic, but should capture more meaningful shapes.

Qi Baishi’s Works (Partial)

Teachers should always inspire students’ feelings about art. If everyone has their own unique interests, they can find themselves, and our art world will be rich and colorful. Although it’s hard to do. Of course, it is also necessary for traditional learning. Otherwise, this culture will not be handed down.

Traditional Chinese painting teachers used to teach students the modeling of objects and a program when teaching. Students know what peony looks like, how many painting methods there are, and the unique formal language of Chinese painting, that is, the program of painting. I think there are advantages to this, but there are also shortcomings, that is, unless students of Chinese painting have special talents, they can leave their teachers and draw peony and bamboo that are different from their teachers, otherwise they will easily fall into a stylized mode.

In fact, creation should go out and face nature directly, and sketching is very important. Of course, subjective things can be completely integrated into one’s heart. I have seen Mr. Zhu Qizhan’s sketches, and he hooked a house with a small notebook and pen, and so on. Many things are in his heart.

I can say that people who paint bamboo now rarely go out to see real bamboo, but only from the program, so people all over the country may paint the same bamboo. The program created by our ancients was summed up against real bamboo.If we have the ability to sketch today, we can also create a new program for today’s bamboo-this program is different from the ancients, but it is connected with the roots of our national culture. And this requires the ability to shape objects.

Just after the Cultural Revolution, the Ministry of Education had a big discussion about whether Chinese painting should be sketched. Is sketch the basis of Chinese painting? I think it is definitely wrong to say that "sketch is the basis of Chinese painting". But the modeling ability of sketch can be used for reference by Chinese painting. And this kind of reference should be cut in the way of sketching in traditional Chinese painting. In my opinion, students of Chinese painting can draw with a brush when they are in sketch class. For example, painting plaster Voltaire, you can draw it like him or not, but it has a lot of brush strokes in it. In this way, the bondage of western-style sketch to Chinese painting can be greatly reduced.

Jiang Jianzhong (Director of Oil Painting Department of Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts, Ph.D.):

Sketch is a "buffet", and you can find yourself only by choosing it individually.

At present, the art scene in China is surging, but the concept of sketch teaching has lagged behind. At present, the meaning of sketch understood by the oil painting major in the Academy of Fine Arts in class is still the second-hand pirated mode of the former Soviet Union, and sketch is already a kind of "stereotyped writing" and a dogma; Placed in the background of the times, it is like salted fish in the refrigerator.

Sketch is like a swamp on the road to the other shore. If the sketch foundation is poor, the picture will be weak. However, for a long time, most of the students in domestic colleges walked into this muddy swamp, but it was difficult to extricate themselves. In the Academy of Fine Arts, sketch classes are met every day, but how to draw sketches today? Most people have not thought about it, but still follow the sketch dogma, and students learn passively. Students only know how to grind a sketch very delicately, but they don’t know how to capture features, how to shape, and how sketch is a way to recognize things. They only use models as props to sketch, which has no vitality and soul.

Students don’t know what to achieve through the rules while learning the rules of sketching.Most students enter the Academy of Fine Arts because they love painting. In the cultural class, they can’t help but smear some strokes on the textbooks and sketch some naive but vivid characters. But when they entered the classroom and faced the models, those imaginations were gone. They are lost in the baggage of "Soviet-style" sketches, and their eyes are blocked by countless blocks, tones, methods and laws, which create obstacles. Every stroke of his works is to embody these laws, but as for the vivid characteristics of the objects and his own feelings, he is numb.I think many people have this experience. When parents feed their children hard every day, the effect is often counterproductive, and the result is anorexia.

In the mode of passive education, there will also be a freak. The more students master the traditional plaster skills, the less they want to create after graduation. In our country, the sketch of college entrance examination is more exam-oriented education, and there are very few personalized things. This "publicity" criterion is very practical for knocking on the door of university, but after entering university, this sketch is unfavorable for a student to become an artist. Students should look for a "private" sketch road from their own hearts and feelings, not too much "publicity". In my opinion, students majoring in oil painting should advocate short-term homework and sketching, and train their eyes’ sharpness and modeling generalization. Capture the most vivid things in the most concise way. In fact, the growth path of ancient western masters is more about drawing short-term homework.

In fact, tradition is dynamic, and you need to "find" tradition according to your own needs.The history of eastern and western art is so long and rich, can you swallow it all? If you can’t digest it, it will be of little value to you. You can only choose the food suitable for your gastrointestinal structure by buffet. If Van Gogh goes to learn from Angel, then Van Gogh does not exist. When you discover and "digest" those "traditions", you will experience the mystery of "transformational creation" and you will gradually discover yourself.

The training of sketch is not only realized by sketching or simulating objects; More importantly, according to one’s hobbies, nature and times, one should constantly absorb and revise the history of art in terms of concepts, expression techniques and modeling, and borrow the experience of predecessors in sketching and implant it into reality.

Jiang Jianzhong’s sketch works

Due to historical reasons, many successful artists found themselves in the oil paintings of western masters after the "reform and opening up", not in sketches. Therefore, most people are more accustomed to thinking and expressing their ideas directly with oil painting materials and tools on canvas, and rarely think or explain their personal artistic views in the form of sketches. Sketch is only regarded as basic training, not an independent art. Many people completely separate creation from sketching. When sketching, it is a mode of thinking, and when creating, it is a set of mode of thinking, which sets them against each other. However, the works of such painters are hard to go far.

Therefore, sketching has been a long time for some artists, just like a student’s exam. After that, he can’t wait to dump his textbook. great escape doesn’t want to look back. Sketch belongs to a position that is hardly even marginal in China.In fact, for artists, sketch is still very important, and it is the artist’s artistic position. Sometimes the record of sketch is more appropriate, natural, simple and convenient. Sketch is an artistic note, an artist’s psychological trajectory and behavior, a front stop of creation, a part of creation and creation itself!What kind of sketch there is, what kind of oil painting there is. Such examples abound in history, such as Van Gogh, Angel, Egon Schiele, Freud and so on.

It is urgent to find your own thinking point and cultivate independent thinking ability, starting from yourself! Please choose your favorite painting style in stages from the huge menu of art history, and look for excitement! Especially when I was a student,We should constantly replace the slippers of masters, wander between art history and objects, and look for interfaces between life and history, and between modernity and tradition. Don’t put basic training in opposition to creation, there should be creative elements in basic training.Maybe this should start at the same time as the first day of laying the foundation!

By the way, in contemporary times, the modeling training of oil painting major and Chinese painting major is facing a common problem. If sketch is regarded as methodology, its meaning will be very broad. In fact, all ethnic groups in the world have their own modeling methods and uniqueness in understanding the world, but they are marginalized.

The difference between China’s traditional modeling concept and the West is that Chinese’s sculpture concept follows the painting, and the clothing lines are completely flat lines, paying attention to density, accessibility, smoothness and implication, and pursuing plane. Western painting follows the sculpture, paying attention to light and shadow, space and strength, and pursuing volume. It is for this reason that beginners advocate painting plaster statues.

Perhaps the world has always been diverse, but for various reasons, we have forgotten our traditions. Interestingly, the concept of Chinese painting specialty has appeared the thinking phenomenon of western sketch, while the west is close to the planarization of the East. In the formation of her culture, a nation is still choosing something suitable for its national development, and is always in the process of absorption, exclusion and integration. Choosing and teaching students how to find food is the most important thing.

The development of western aesthetics basically follows the development of science.The traditional concept of sketch is the result of westerners’ understanding and grasping of the natural world. However, after the popularization of photography technology, the concept of sketching to reproduce nature has been in crisis … If the history of China since the 19th century is a response to the West, can the present era finally be regarded as "the response of the West to the East"?If we bypass the strange circle of cultural opposition between the East and the West, it is possible not to fall into other people’s cultural nests or our own nests. Perhaps, what we have to do is to stand on our own soil, trace back and sort out the cultural traditions of the East and the West from our personal perspective, and integrate them to generate ourselves.

Lu Zhiping (Deputy Director of Print Art Committee of China Artists Association):

Activate the "Eighteen Martial Arts" of Sketch, and enlighten diverse and diverse creations.

The idea of sketch originated in the west. butIf sketch refers to all monochromatic paintings, then in a broad sense, the method of sketching lines with a brush in ancient China can actually be regarded as a sketch.. Even now, some people think that ink painting is a form of sketch, but it was not called that at that time. In fact, most of the early artistic creations in the world are expressed in monochrome, such as rock paintings, rubbings and so on.

Sketch is beneficial to the introduction and development of all plastic arts. For printmaking, for a long period of history, it is mainly monochrome, such as early black and white woodcuts, copperplate prints, lithographs, etc., so printmaking and sketch have a special origin. Sketch should be regarded as an important support for printmaking.

In the field of teaching, how to understand and deal with the relationship between sketch education and printmaking has always been an important topic.Before and after the "Cultural Revolution", in order to make basic teaching connect with printmaking (especially black and white woodcut) more quickly, some domestic art colleges specially designed a set of sketch teaching system at that time. They trained sketch not from light and shade, but more from structure and block. This is a special sketch specially designed for printmaking teaching.

This idea was reasonable at that time, and it was quite effective in promoting the development of printmaking at one stage. But from now on, everything has advantages and disadvantages.At that time, the basis of sketch teaching was: printmaking should have a fixed pattern-large area, big black and white, and sketch served this fixed pattern. However, when the country was opened, it was found that in fact, the forms of printmaking were various.For example, some copperplate paintings pay special attention to light and shadow, while some prints emphasize line texture and sense of form. And different sketches may inspire artists to create different styles of printmaking works, so that printmaking presents a richer look. In this way, it is one-sided to set a fixed routine for a sketch to correspond to a print from the beginning.

Lu Zhiping’s print "The Old Man"

In fact, it is the same in the creation of Chinese painting. For example, if you set the Chinese painting to use lines at the beginning, you emphasize that students should use line drawing more often, but later you find that Chinese painting can also be splashed with ink and boneless, and there are many other methods. The training method of setting the box at the beginning may become a constraint for students. On the contrary, if students are encouraged to try a variety of sketches at the beginning, they will have a broader vision no matter what kind of artistic creation they are engaged in in in the future. From this point of view, sketch is not only a means to teach students to draw, but also a training of observation method and thinking mode. Isn’t creativity advocated in all fields now? Then I think sketch can be used as a way to break through the original frame. It may be more meaningful and reasonable to practice sketch in this way.

As for the sketch examination method widely criticized in college enrollment, I think it is caused by the accumulated disadvantages in the whole education field for many years, which is completely utilitarian. Let the teacher set a model to facilitate grading and admission, and less consideration is given to whether it is beneficial to students’ future growth. Many students like me can be said to be "victims" of this educational system. Because in many cases, our print creation does not advocate to describe the object in front of us truthfully, but emphasizes creativity, so many students feel at a loss and have no direction after they arrive.

We try to let the students learn to change their original thinking that relies on describing objects by observing, summarizing, choosing, imagining, mutating and creating, and let them gradually reverse their thinking mode by using abstract methods, imaginative methods and design methods.

For example, when training students to practice composition, I will ask them: Can ten different pictures be constructed from the same theme? For example, can the same three apples be placed in a variety of ways? Can black-and-white relations be handled differently? This forces them to open their minds. When their composition is finished, I say that at this time, you can choose the one you think is the best. In fact, as long as the mind is open, the hand will keep up. Sketch and composition training are both a form of sketch, which is not only a creative means, but also a support for thinking. The later draft may not be exactly the same as the sketch composition, but it doesn’t matter. The creator can see more lines and possibilities from behind one of the lines, thus getting rid of the dependence on the object.

Of course, I think it’s beneficial to know and try any kind of sketch form, including the plaster statues widely criticized in college enrollment. In fact, there is nothing wrong with learning how to push the work deeper. The problem is that it is wrong to regard such a sketch form as the only golden rule. I think it would be great if we could master the Soviet-style rigorous observation method and step-by-step molding method, and at the same time jump out of it.

I have received this Soviet-style education before. My teacher at that time told me, "After three years, five years and ten years, you will probably realize the effect of this long-term homework on you." Now I have a deep understanding,The value of long-term sketch is not to restore the object realistically, but to let me learn to observe carefully and comprehensively;Learn to make careful and rigorous trade-offs; Learning the expression of full and proper layer-by-layer promotion can also be used to study and explore a variety of expression techniques. This is the training of ability, thinking and mentality.

In plastic arts, printmaking may be a kind of painting with particularly rich styles and techniques, so the corresponding sketch forms should also be varied. For example, there is a technique called "Merutin" in copperplate prints, which pursues rich and subtle color changes, unlike black and white woodcuts. For this printmaking technique, the Soviet-style long-term sketching work will come in handy. Eighteen kinds of martial arts have their own merits, depending on who they are suitable for and on what occasion.

Some students or schools in the west don’t attach importance to sketching and can’t draw, which should not be the object we must follow.Of course, their training methods that attach importance to thinking also have some merits, but this does not mean that "being good at hands" is wrong. Now western painting is also returning, and it is normal to go astray for a period of time, and some overcorrection is also normal. As for us, there is no need to change our minds and follow the trend, as if everyone can’t draw is the "right way", which is completely unnecessary.

Yang Jianping (Vice President of Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts, Professor of Sculpture Department, Doctoral Supervisor):

At present, sketch teaching is like smog, which is a "syndrome"

Sketch, as its name implies, is a way to describe an image in a simple and simple way. Historically, sketch and sculpture are closely related.For sculptors, sketching is a basic training, but also a way to record ideas and creative inspiration. Many sculptors leave a lot of manuscripts besides three-dimensional sculptures, such as Michelangelo and Rodin.

Michelangelo sketch

Relatively speaking, China’s traditional sculptures and paintings are different from western classical realistic styles and methods. It has unique artistic modeling styles and creative methods handed down from ancestors.The ancient sculptures in China have their own strict styles. Through the description of pastels and the dictation of written data, for example, the opening of a Buddha statue has very specific data, all of which have statutes.The East emphasizes inheritance rather than innovation, but these shapes are unique. Therefore, sketch, as a basic practice or recording creation method, has many forms in a broad sense.

Sculpture itself, due to the different cultures, materials and concepts between the East and the West, finally presents a very diversified style, even in a conceptual and installation way. As a sketch teaching, we should also keep up. Otherwise, you just train every student to draw concrete, but in the end, many people actually don’t do concrete at all. It’s not that the "academic" sketch we are learning now has no merit, but at least it’s not good for all of us to do it. There should be a distinction. For those students who insist on figuration, let them study the traditional realistic sketch well. Other students can learn from it, but there is no need to spend too much class time on it. Different students should have different training emphases.

There are various ways to sketch, for example, Bauhaus’s sketch training method is to draw structural relations. Look at the traditional masters, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Holbein and Diu Lei. Those lines are beautiful and expressive. We should oppose dogma and have active thoughts and critical spirit.

Yang Jianping’s work "Jing Zhe"

Our generation learned to sketch, and they danced all the way in "red dancing shoes" and enjoyed it. We visited a place, took out a sketch book and recorded it. It was very enjoyable to start painting, and a painting took half a day. But today’s young people are different. They are willing to take out their mobile phones to take a photo and make a video, which saves time and effort. Their current inspection is more about experience, with a faster pace and more things to see. In the Internet age, such a change is sometimes understandable, but it also raises a question: What kind of basic training do we need and what kind of sketch do we want to draw? Since the birth of photography, it has been an impact on documentary painting, and the artistic expression after that is more of an idea. Do all our students still draw the same sketches like photos? There must be something wrong with this.

We usually say that the master sketches well. In fact, Leonardo da Vinci was not only a painter, but also a naturalist, a scientist and thinker. Now we always say that we should learn from the lines of masters, but people are comprehensive. A person is an artist because he is capable and thoughtful, so he can paint well.The sentence in the allusion of my skillful solution to the cow "I am in a good mood, and I am also a Taoist;" It’s very reasonable to enter the skill. Now people have to "skill" instead of "Tao", putting the cart before the horse.

This also has a lot to do with our current college entrance examination system. It is these patterned sketches that students learn all day for the exam, and they don’t know what to do after entering the university. Some people think that’s how sketches should be drawn. So the students who come in are the students the teacher wants? But if you don’t want it, who can you want? China, with such a large population, how can we get into universities without this method? The sketch of the college entrance examination is indeed widely criticized now, but it is not that simple to reform it.

The existing problems in art education are actually a "syndrome", which is related to the national conditions in China, just like the smog in China. You said that students only know how to paint plaster, and you can’t blame them. They lacked aesthetic education since childhood. On the other hand, after graduation, students in China need to find jobs for their survival and family expectations, so what they have learned has to be "practical".To some extent, the Academy of Fine Arts does not train artists in China, but solves the problem of social employment.

The syllabus clearly says "sketch head" and "still life". You must take this course even if you don’t approve it. Comparatively speaking, the postgraduate stage is relatively flexible. In a word, a series of problems such as national conditions, education system, teachers and even ideology make the teaching reform difficult.

(This series of articles was compiled by Jiang Cen according to interviews)

China’s trade went global. From 1757 to 1842, the 13th Canton was the only "special zone" for the Qing government to trade with Europe and the United States, which made the city retain its memory and make people remember its homesickness. Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,000 years. Every street and lane has a long story, and every brick and tile has a meaningful memory. Today, Xiaobian will appreciate the heavy memory of this city with you, appreciate the spirit tradition of tolerance and openness for more than 2,000 years, and appreciate the endless literary context; Together with you, under the illumination of history, we can understand today and Guangzhou, thus strengthening our cultural self-confidence. In 1757, with the promulgation of the imperial edict on foreign trade in which Qianlong only left Guangdong Customs, the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty was locked in the thirteenth line of Guangzhou. As the only exchange center between Chinese and Western civilizations for 85 years, it is a Chinese and foreign trading place located on the edge of the Pearl River, where foreign ships gather at the thirteen ports, and almost all major countries and regions in Asia, Europe and America have had direct trade relations with the thirteen banks. It has global trade routes to Europe, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. It was the only surviving node of the Maritime Silk Road under the closed-door policy of the Qing government at that time, bearing the gestation and development of modern China’s commercial economy. Although the thirteen lines have disappeared in the long river of history, their historical influence has been continuing. Two hundred years later, history once again chose Guangzhou to undertake the historical mission of "gathering customers from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world". Thirteen lines and the Canton Fair jointly compose the colorful movement of the Maritime Silk Road.It became the epitome of China’s opening to the outside world and economic development in modern times. A long scroll showing the style of the thirteen-line business hall in Qing Dynasty. Where did the thirteenth line come from? Kangxi’s sea trade gave birth to the "Thirteen Lines" and made Guangzhou "trade in one mouth". This was a scene in the 18th century-the Swedish merchant ship King Frederick was sailing off the South China Sea in China. This is a large sailboat of that era. It started from Europe and will arrive in Canton after more than a year’s voyage. In the eyes of westerners, China is a country of silk, porcelain and tea, and there are countless exquisite handicrafts, showing a profound culture. They were pleasantly surprised to find China. Fortunately, the Swedish ship escaped the stormy waves of the Cape of Good Hope, the piracy in Malacca and the threat of epidemic diseases on board, and completed the voyage with 20% staff reduction. Only half of the sailboats that set out with them can reach Guangzhou. Paying such a high price is for the maiden voyage of trade between China and Sweden. After leaving Gothenburg, Sweden, King Frederick went to Spain for the silver that was commonly used in China, and arrived at Lingding Island in Guangzhou on September 6, 1732. During the four months of berthing in Guangzhou, King Frederick ordered 151 large boxes and 1801 bundles of porcelain from more than 10 foreign firms in China, totaling 49,906 pieces. And 2183 boxes of red and green tea. After sailing from Guangzhou, King Frederick returned to Sweden after eight months. Porcelain exported in the Qing Dynasty is bright in color. At that time,Every year, hundreds of such merchant ships come from afar, enter the South China Sea of China through a long waterway, and then go north along the Pearl River to reach Guangzhou, then known as the southern gate of the Eastern Empire. In fact, during the Ming Dynasty, overseas trade was not always smooth, and the imperial court often declared a "sea ban", which lasted until the early Qing Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the sea was closed for 300 years. However, Guangzhou’s ship management organization, Shiboshi, was preserved and continued to play a role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The model of the Swedish merchant ship Gothenburg, which sailed to Guangzhou three times in Qing Dynasty. After Kangxi unified Taiwan Province and put down the San Francisco Rebellion, he began to consider the economic and tax balance of the whole country. He sent Shi Zhu, a cabinet university student, to Guangdong and Fujian for inspection to prepare for the sea trade. Because smuggling is popular, there is opposition in the court. Kangxi asked Shizhu, "How many houses have you been to in Guangdong?" Shizhu replied: "Zhaoqing, Gaozhou, Lianzhou, Leizhou, Qiongzhou, Guangzhou, Chaozhou, etc., where the people said that they had left their homeland for more than 20 years, and now the emperor has leveled the bandits and can go back to their homeland." Kangxi asked again, "So, people are happy to live by the sea, why don’t you allow it?" Shizhu replied, "The sea was sealed in the Ming Dynasty, so we can only do as usual." Kangxi was very dissatisfied and said: "The frontier ministers should take the national economy and people’s livelihood as their thoughts. Although the sea is forbidden today, people who trade privately also go to sea to make a living; To be honest, if you are not allowed, it is just for your own convenience. " Shizhu was speechless for a while. In the 24th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1685), the imperial court opened four ports for trade: Guangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan and Xiamen.However, at that time, there was no distinction between Chinese and foreign trade, and there was no specialized foreign trade firm. In the early days of the switch, when western ships arrived, officials were in a hurry, and foreign ships were often blocked outside the port and could not trade for a long time. In the spring of 1686, the second year of Guangdong Customs switch, the Guangdong government finally found a solution-Wu Xingzuo, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Li Shizhen, Governor of Guangdong, and Yi Ergtu, the supervisor of Guangdong Customs, jointly discussed and divided the national tax into two categories: "residence tax" and "line tax". The "residence tax" is a tax levied on all goods landed in the inland trade of this province, which is collected by the tax department and called "Golden Line"; "Travel tax" is a tax on goods sold by foreign countries and goods traded at sea, which is collected by Guangdong Customs. "Foreign goods line" means "thirteen lines". When it comes to the meaning of "line", it means "line and column", which is "the place where goods live". From then on, foreign goods company 13 became a professional firm engaged in foreign trade, which was managed by the state to prevent free exchanges between Chinese and foreign people. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), Qianlong made a decree in the Forbidden City: "The port is set in Guangdong, and foreign ships are allowed to dock in Guangdong." The other three ports were closed, and Guangzhou became the foreign trade center of Qing Dynasty. This export painting in Qing Dynasty depicts the scene of local businessmen talking with foreign businessmen. How prosperous is the thirteenth line? The 85-year-old "one-stop trade" has made Guangzhou’s routes to the world increasingly developed. In addition to the routes to the Indian Ocean, Nanyang, Japan and Europe that have been in use in the Ming Dynasty, it has also increased the routes to North America, Oceania and Russia through the Cape of Good Hope.In many places overseas, there are scenes of merchants from various countries shuttling around the "canton" thirteen-line commercial pavilion area and tens of thousands of races on the river, which makes people marvel at the prosperity of Guangzhou at that time. Although according to the regulations of the government, foreign businessmen could not live in Guangzhou at that time, but only in the suburbs or Huangpu Port, every rest day, businessmen or sailors could walk into the city gate and visit the flower pagoda and longevity temple of Haikuang Temple, and they could also visit scenic places such as Baiyun Mountain and Fangcun Flower Land. Guangzhou, a trading port, became the preferred "golden port" for western merchant ships after the opening and closing of the Qing Dynasty. Of course, silk porcelain, tea and homespun were exported, while wool, cotton, metals and spices were imported from abroad. In 1984, British divers found the Dutch merchant ship "Helder Malsen" which sank on the rocks in 1751. When it returned from China, it brought 147 pieces of gold, 239,000 pieces of porcelain in 203 boxes, 687,000 pounds of tea, textiles, lacquerware, sappan wood and thymelaeaceae. By 1986, when part of the sunken ship was salvaged for auction, the guests were dumbfounded by the dazzling array of goods. Qing dynasty export porcelain painted with ocean-going sailboats. In those days, foreign businessmen came to Guangzhou with great enthusiasm. Apart from Russian caravans crossing Siberia to the northern border of China and Portuguese merchant ships trading in Macau, neighboring countries and European and American countries, including the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, France, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Prussia, Italy, the United States and Peru, participated in the tribute trade with China.All of them are trading in the 13th Commercial Hall in Guangzhou. In Berlin Coin Museum, Germany, there is a silver coin with the head of Prussian king on the front and a Guangzhou businessman in Qing Dynasty costume on the back. There is a box of tea behind the businessman. This is a commemorative coin made for Prussian merchant ships who sailed to Guangzhou for the first time in the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1753), and it is the only commemorative coin in Europe with the image of Qing Dynasty. Among the foreign ships coming to China, there are also names with Chinese flavor, such as "Guangzhou", "Merchant of China" and "empress of china". This painting for export in Qing Dynasty reflects thirteen lines of street customs. It is worth mentioning that there are canton in many overseas places. For example, Canton in Massachusetts and Canton in Georgia are towns named after Guangzhou, while Canton in northeast Ohio is the largest Guangzhou city in the United States. Since the second half of the 18th century, there have been dozens of foreign merchant ships coming to Guangzhou every year, with more than 80 at the most. By the early 19th century, it had increased to one or two hundred. In 1784, the American merchant ship "empress of china" made its maiden voyage to Guangzhou with leather goods and American ginseng worth 120,000 US dollars. "empress of china" also kept all the naval equipment to prevent pirates from looting. On May 11th, 1785, "empress of china" returned to the United States, causing a sensation all over the country. All the goods on board were snapped up, and Washington, the founding president of the United States, also bought a teapot with a dragon pattern. Line 13 has "Tianzi Nanku"There is also a domineering name for the thirteen lines: "Tianzi Nanku". In the process of accumulating wealth, the court also got huge benefits from Guangzhou. From the first year of Daoguang (1821) to the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), more than 1.5 million taels of silver tax were received in Guangzhou every year, all of which were dominated by the royal family. The foreign firm also transported foreign goods such as ivory, enamel, snuff, clocks, glassware, gold and silver for the emperor. In the list of 1738, 88 of the 102 tributes were exotic foreign goods. In 1754, hall of mental cultivation was built in the Forbidden City in Beijing, which needed valuable timber from Nanyang, and Guangdong imported 56,400 Jin for it. In 1708, Kangxi suddenly became seriously ill and drank the red wine prepared by the foreign imperial doctor Rod, and his heartbeat quickly returned to normal. In the future, whenever foreign ships entered Hong Kong, Kangxi asked if there was any wine, and if there was, he asked for it to be transported to Beijing as soon as possible. Soon, the world wines gathered in Guangzhou, and a wine "hotline" was formed between Beijing and Guangzhou. In 1758, in an imperial edict, Qianlong instructed that "foreign clocks and watches, western gold beads, exotic furnishings or fresh utensils should be bought", and that "there is no need to cherish fees". It can be seen that Guangdong Customs, Guangzhou Foreign Firm and the court are inextricably linked, and the thirteenth line has become the only foreign goods supply place that the royal family can rely on, so it is called "Tianzi Nanku". The richest group in China relied on the monopoly privilege of foreign trade, and a number of China tycoons appeared in the 13th line, such as Pan Zhencheng, Wu Bingjian and Lu Guanheng, all of whom were rich, among which Wu Bingjian was the most prominent and became the richest man in the world at that time. Wu Bingjian has 26 million taels of silver,It is equivalent to more than 5 billion yuan today, and its income is half that of the Qing government. His son invests in railways in the United States, and the annual interest alone is more than 200,000 taels of silver. In addition, Shisanhang has also become a bridgehead for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Chinese porcelain, export paintings and folk handicrafts are exported from here, and foreign scientific knowledge, culture and art are also introduced into China from here. Exquisite export products in Qing Dynasty. The picture shows the export porcelain candlestick in Qing Dynasty. The relationship between Shisanhang and the world far exceeds trade. In the history of Shisanhang, there were three big fires, and the last fire completely burned Shisanhang. The first fire was in 1822. A cake shop near Shisanhang caught fire, which affected Shisanhang. The fire burned for two days, and many foreign business halls and foreign firms were burned down. In 1842, the thirteenth line suffered a second fire. In 1856, when the Second Opium War broke out, the British army shelled Guangzhou and burned thirteen lines. All the buildings and goods in the thirteen lines were destroyed in the fire. "The connection between the thirteen lines and the world lies not only in trade. It is the first place where the eastern and western hemispheres blend in all directions in the fields of politics, economy, culture, religion, science and technology, language, art and law. " Lily li, curator of Thirteen Lines Museum, said. Tan Yuanheng, a professor and doctoral supervisor of South China University of Technology, believes that Guangzhou has its own urban pattern, which is the economic pattern naturally formed by commercial trade. From the "Fanfang" in the Middle Ages, the Haizhu Stone Commercial Port in the near ancient times, until the appearance of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines, Guangzhou was well-deserved as the "Millennium Commercial Capital". The formation of the city of Guangzhou,It is similar to Florence, Milan, Venice, Rome and other commercial cities with rich wealth in the west. It is the commercial prosperity since ancient times that created Guangzhou and gave birth to Guangzhou-from the beginning, Guangzhou has the characteristics of a marine and commercial city. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that Shisanxing appeared in Guangzhou, and it was integrated into the world, becoming the earliest commercial leader with modern colors of China. The 13th Guangzhou Tour also has a positive impact on the development of the world economic system. Wang Yuanlin, director and professor of 13th Line Research Center of Guangzhou University, said that 13th Line has a merchant guarantee system, that is, the merchant guarantees many affairs of foreign merchant ships coming to China, bears many responsibilities such as guarantee, and may not owe foreign debts. Once the hong merchants go bankrupt due to debts owed to foreign merchants, other hong merchants will be responsible for sharing the compensation. "This’ sitting together’ guarantee system later became an important reference for the US banking deposit insurance system." Wang Yuanlin said. According to the Secret Files of Foreign Merchants in Qing Dynasty, an American businessman owed Jardine Matheson Wu Bingjian 72,000 silver dollars, which he was unable to repay. When Wu Bingjian tore up the IOUs, he used "Guangzhou English" in his dialogue with American businessmen. New Mission and New Action: Undertaking the historical mission of making friends with the world. Although the back of Guangzhou’s leap into a trillion-dollar city of foreign trade has disappeared in the long river of history, the legacy left by the thirteenth line-the business spirit of facing the world, being the first, being open and innovative, and striving for perfection-has been engraved in Guangzhou’s genes, and Guangzhou has always been at the forefront of China’s foreign trade exchanges. Two hundred years apart, history once again chose Guangzhou in 1951, in order to strengthen the circulation of urban and rural materials,Guangzhou decided to hold an unprecedented material exchange conference called South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference. Twelve permanent and semi-permanent exhibition halls have been built in the original site of Thirteen Lines. This modernist architectural complex also laid the foundation for the development of cultural parks in the future. In 1952, "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" was established at the site of the South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference, and became a famous exhibition place for cultural activities at that time. In January 1956, Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace was renamed Guangzhou Cultural Park. From "South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference" to "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" and then to "Guangzhou Cultural Park", the names were inscribed by Ye Jianying. Two hundred years after Thirteen Lines were born, history once again chose Guangzhou as the window for China’s foreign trade exchange. On April 25th, 1957, the first floor of Sino-Soviet Friendship Building in Liuhua Road, Guangzhou was filled with gongs and drums, and the first China Export Commodities Fair (hereinafter referred to as the Canton Fair) opened here! "’Poop-poop’ went through the tunnel and the clothes were blackened." At that time, Li Huan, a 31-year-old Hong Kong buyer, arrived at the meeting on a coal-burning train. Without much care, he excitedly squeezed into the cheering crowd. "I have confidence in the sales of domestic products," he recalled fondly. The original intention of the Canton Fair was to meet the needs of economic construction and develop international trade in exchange for foreign exchange. At that time, New China urgently needed to open a channel to connect with the international market, and use the commodity exhibition as a window to display and trade export commodities. The host city of this exhibition should have a foreign trade foundation and a unique geographical advantage.Looking at China at that time, Guangzhou was the best choice: Guangzhou had a long history of foreign trade and was the only trading port in China under the closed door policy of the feudal dynasty for a long time. In terms of location, Guangdong is close to Hong Kong and Macao, which is the most convenient for Hong Kong businessmen. Only Guangzhou in Guangdong can undertake the historical mission of "making friends with the world". The turnover of the first Canton Fair accounted for 20% of the country’s total foreign exchange income in that year, which opened a channel for new China to communicate with the world in the high-pressure international political environment and suffered from "economic blockade" and "goods embargo", and the abbreviation of "Canton Fair" soon became familiar to the world. Since then, the Canton Fair has been held regularly in spring and autumn every year without interruption. Thousands of China enterprises have successfully entered the international market through the Canton Fair, and their export commodities have also changed from primary products to "made in China" and "made in China", and from offline to online and offline integration … On October 15, 2021, the 130th Canton Fair kicked off. During the 65 years from 1957 to 2021, the Canton Fair moved four times in Guangzhou, and the construction area of the exhibition hall expanded from the initial 18,000 square meters to 1.1 million square meters today. The cumulative export turnover of the Canton Fair exceeded US$ 1.4 trillion, accounting for more than 50% of the national export proportion. It has established trade relations with more than 210 countries and regions around the world, and accumulated about 8.8 million overseas buyers flew across the ocean to participate in the conference. The turnover is far from comparable to that of the thirteen banks in that year. In 2021, the total import and export value of Guangzhou’s foreign trade reached 1,082.59 billion yuan.Become a "trillion city of foreign trade". Through the Canton Fair, "gathering customers from all over the world, selling goods from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world" became a reality. In the export painting of Qing Dynasty, a grocery store on the street of Guangzhou. Canton Fair promotes the safe and smooth operation of the global industrial chain and supply chain. On July 19th, 2021, the State Council announced the list of the first batch of cities to cultivate and build an international consumption center. There are five major cities in China, and Guangzhou is the only non-municipality directly under the Central Government. Guangzhou has tasted the "first soup" of cultivating and building an international consumption center city. It is reported that Guangzhou has started the cultivation and construction of an international consumption center city in an all-round way, and it is planned to basically build an intelligent, fashionable and modern international consumption center city facing the world in about five years, so as to realize the transformation from "selling the world" to "selling and buying the world". In 2016, Guangzhou established the 13th Line Museum in Guangzhou on the site of 13th Line Foreign Commercial Pavilion in Qing Dynasty (in Guangzhou Cultural Park). According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines Museum, there are more than 4,800 pieces (sets) of cultural relics in the collection, which show the history of Thirteen Lines by means of "cultural relics+historical documents", sand table and electronic animation. "To some extent, Line 13 has a wonderful connection with the Canton Fair." Ye Nong, a professor at China Institute of Cultural History of Jinan University, said this. Cantonese English is very popular. In the process of "one-stop trade" for a long time, Guangzhou people invented a special language-"Guangzhou English". At that time, the inventor of "Guangzhou English" marked the pronunciation of English words in Cantonese, and gradually formed a distinctive one."Local English". After the opening of Shanghai, "Guangzhou English" spread to Shanghai and became the originator of "Pidgin English". Can you understand "Guangzhou English" Chinese: chin-chin, how do you do, long time my no hab see you. (Please, hello! I haven’t seen you for a long time) Foreigner: l can secure hab long time before time my no have come this shop. (It’s really been a long time, I didn’t come to your shop last time) Chinese: Hi-ya, so, eh! What thing wantchee? Oh, really, what do you want? ) foreigner: oh, some little chow-chow thing. you have got some ginger sweet? Oh, I want something small. Do you have any ginger preserves? ) Chinese: Just Now No Got, L Think Canton Habgot Velly Few That Sutemeet. (Not now, I think there are few such candied fruits in Guangzhou) (Excerpted from Wu Yixiong’s "Guangzhou English" and Chinese-Western Communication before the mid-19th century).The deep contact between the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world and foreigners in China made Thirteen Hong Merchants become the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world in China. During the Opium War, thirteen merchants took the lead in donating money to introduce advanced western technology and upgrade the equipment of Guangdong Navy. Pan Shirong devoted himself to imitating the most advanced steamship in the world at that time; Pan Shicheng hired a US naval officer with a high salary to copy the earliest modern mine in China-"Ship Attack Mine"; Zheng Chongqian was the first Chinese to spread the vaccinia law. The Wu family contributed a lot to the introduction of western medicine into China. The Vaccinium Vaccination Bureau, the first hospital in China, and the Ophthalmology Medical Bureau of Peter Peter Parker also received strong support from the Wu family. It can be said that the thirteen-line merchants were the earliest practitioners of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", which was 20 years earlier than the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty. After the end of the "one-stop trade" era, a large number of Guangzhou foreign trade businessmen moved to Shanghai and Hong Kong, forming the first wave of immigration in Shanghai. In the 1950s, Shanghai replaced Guangzhou as the largest trading port in China. What attracted the most attention from Guangdong was no longer goods, but a group of people called "comprador". The original Shanghai foreign firm was "comprador" and "half of it was made by Cantonese people". After arriving in Shanghai, Guangdong Hong merchants bought a large number of properties and real estate, and planned to build a Shanghai version of the "Thirteen Hong Merchants Pavilion" and rent it to foreign businessmen. However, because local officials accepted bribes from British businessmen, Guangdong merchants are nominally property owners of real estate and real estate.However, he was deprived of the right to dispose of real estate and real estate, and was forced to rent it to the British permanently without receiving the rent. Relying on this concession, British businessmen expanded step by step in Shanghai, and finally the Bund was formed in this area. The annotation "line, column also" in "thirteen lines" is "the place where goods live", which is the definition of "line" in ancient books. Guangzhou Shisanhang was a firm specializing in foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, and it was a monopoly institution designated by the Qing government to specialize in foreign trade. In 1813 and 1837, there happened to be thirteen firms, such as Jardine Matheson of Wu Bingjian, Kwong Lee of Lu Jiguang, Tong Fu of Pan Shaoguang, etc., but the number of the firms varied, ranging from four to more than twenty, and the "thirteen firms" were just the established appellation. The names of banks often change, including Xinglong, Lianxing, Dexing, Zhengxing, Tongxing, Yuanchang, Jinyuan, Yihe and Baoshun. Among them, Pan, Wu, Lu and Ye, the four major merchants, had more property than the national treasury income at that time, and they were truly "extremely rich". According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of the Thirteen Lines Museum in Guangzhou, according to historical records, the Thirteen Lines Site is located in today’s Guangzhou Cultural Park and its surrounding areas, including the China line number and the foreign commercial museum. The China line number is scattered, and some line numbers are outside the Thirteen Lines Street; However, foreign commercial pavilions are relatively concentrated, and the houses are all built facing the Pearl River, like a floating city on the water.

With the increase in the number of new energy vehicles, the demand for charging and replacing facilities for new energy vehicles has increased simultaneously. Due to the relative shortage of land and power resources in China, we think that with the continuous increase of vehicle ownership,The power exchange mode is expected to be a good supplement to the charging mode, and it has broad medium and long-term development prospects.

Nowadays, the construction and operators of power exchange stations are responsible for the construction and operation of power exchange stations and provide power exchange services to the market. Among them,Power exchange system is the core of power exchange station.

Image source: Wei Lai

So, what is it?"Power exchange system"And?

What is the power exchange system?

Power exchange station refers to a power station that stores, charges and distributes a large number of batteries in a centralized charging station, and provides battery exchange service for electric vehicles in the battery distribution station or integrates battery charging, logistics deployment and power exchange service itself.

The power exchange station mainly includes positioning system, power exchange system, operation and maintenance system, security system and logistics system.The power exchange system is the core of the power exchange station.It consists of a power exchange platform, a stacker, a lifting mechanism, a locking mechanism and a connector.

Schematic diagram of vehicle-mounted power exchange system

The power exchange system is also an important part of the power exchange technology of electric vehicles.Its main function is to unload the battery from the electric vehicle, transport it to the battery compartment for charging, and at the same time obtain the fully charged battery from the battery compartment and install it on the electric vehicle to complete the power replacement work.

Composition of power exchange system

The power exchange system consists of the following key parts:

1. Power-changing robot:This is one of the most important equipment in the power exchange system, which is responsible for the disassembly and installation of the battery.

2. Add unlocking platform:Realize the replacement and unlocking functions of vehicle battery pack.

3. Stacker:Used to transport and exchange batteries.

?4. Lock the link component:Realize the rapid and automatic locking and separation of the power battery and the car body.

5. Quick-change electrical connector, liquid-cooled connector and water connector:These connectors play a key role in the process of power exchange, ensuring the fast connection and stable power supply of the battery.

Classification of power exchange system

According to different functions, the power exchange system can be divided into the following ways:

?1. Vertical power exchange of chassis:Dismantle the original battery pack from the lower part of the chassis and replace it with a new battery pack. It is suitable for cars, SUVs, MPVs and light logistics vehicles, with a high degree of automation, but a new fixed power station needs to be built.

?2, chassis side for electricity:The battery is fixed in the form of a frame, and the operation is complicated and long.

?3, box for electricity:Battery compartment replacement is suitable for scenes that require less space and time.

Application Scenarios of Power Exchange System

The power exchange system is mainly used in commercial vehicles and private passenger cars.Especially in the high-frequency use scene that needs rapid recharge, the effect is remarkable.For example, the energy management system of heavy trucks can improve the efficiency of power exchange, optimize energy utilization and reduce operating costs through intelligent and automatic means.

• ?Shared electric vehicle field:As the new favorite of urban short-distance transportation, shared electric vehicles provide a reliable charging solution for them. By arranging power exchange stations in different areas, users can conveniently park electric vehicles on the stations for battery replacement, thus realizing long-term use.
• Logistics distribution field:In the field of logistics and distribution, electric vehicles have become an important means of transportation. The application of power exchange mode provides an efficient and convenient charging scheme for logistics distribution vehicles. Logistics enterprises can replace batteries at their own distribution sites or partner’s power exchange sites without waiting for charging time, which improves distribution efficiency.
• ?Travel and tourism field:In tourist attractions or city power exchange stations, visitors can easily change batteries and continue their journey. This not only reduces the charging time of tourist vehicles, but also avoids the embarrassing situation that they can’t continue driving because of insufficient batteries. At the same time, the power exchange mode avoids the trouble of tourists looking for charging piles during the tour and improves the convenience of travel.
• ?Urban public transport field:Electric buses, electric taxis and other vehicles can replace batteries at bus stops or special power exchange stations, which can quickly restore power and improve operational efficiency. At the same time, the power exchange mode solves the problem of the shortage of charging pile resources in the traditional charging mode, and provides better service for public transportation.

Advantages and disadvantages of power exchange system

The main advantage of the power exchange system is that itEfficiency and convenience.Compared with the traditional charging method, the process of changing power is usually completed in a few minutes, which greatly shortens the charging time of electric vehicles. In addition, the power exchange system can also be standardized, so that different brands and models of electric vehicles can share the same set of power exchange facilities.And the utilization rate and compatibility of facilities are improved.

First, advantages:

Quick recharge:The process of power exchange is usually completed in a few minutes, which improves the efficiency of energy supply.

Battery maintenance:Through centralized charging and unified management, it is helpful to prolong battery life.

Boost battery recovery:Standardized batteries are easy to recycle, reduce recycling costs and improve resource recycling efficiency.

Image source: Futaijie Testing Innovation Center, the picture shows the new energy vehicle power exchange system.

Second, the shortcomings:

Technical standards are not uniform:The battery specifications and interfaces of different car companies are different, which makes it difficult to use the power exchange equipment universally and increases the construction and operation costs.

High construction cost:The construction cost of power exchange station is high, including equipment purchase, site construction and power facilities transformation.

Impact of technical iteration:With the development of battery technology, the advantages of battery replacement technology may be weakened, such as the development of overcharge technology may shorten the charging time.

Technical requirements of power exchange system

The realization of power exchange system needs high-precision mechanical arm, intelligent identification system and efficient battery management system and other technical support. The integration of these technologiesIt ensures the safety, rapidity and convenience of the power exchange process.

The technical requirements of the power exchange system mainly include the following aspects:

?Security:The design and manufacture of power exchange system shall meet the following requirementsReplace the battery pack safely, quickly and reliablyRequirements. In the design life cycle, the system should have the functions of electricity, communication, thermal management, etc. that meet interoperability.

?Electrical connection:The electrical connection of the power exchange system shall meet the following requirementsPower transmission, information interaction and security protectionBasic functional requirements of.

Communication protocol:The power exchange system shallIt has the function of connecting with the vehicle electric platform.The system should support a variety of communication protocols, including but not limited to CAN bus communication protocol, to ensure the accurate transmission of battery information, relay information, energy estimation and other data.

Interoperability:Power exchange systemShould be interoperable,Ensure that different brands and models of battery boxes are compatible. This includes the overall size of the battery box, the upper interface of the battery box, the lower interface of the battery box, the power exchange interface of the vehicle bracket and other technical requirements.

Maintenance and replacement requirements:The consumable parts in the power exchange system should be in the vehicle instruction manual.Clearly mark its scope, maintenance and replacement requirements.During the maintenance period specified by the vehicle manufacturer, the easily worn parts should not fail.

Thermal management and fault diagnosis:Power exchange systemShould have thermal management function,Ensure the temperature control of the battery during operation. In addition, the system should also have fault diagnosis function, which can monitor and report the battery status, relay status, energy estimation and other information in real time to ensure the stable operation of the system.

Standardization and compatibility:Power exchange systemShould follow the relevant national standards and industry standards,Such as GB/T 37133 and related standards and specifications, to ensure the standardization and compatibility of the system.

By meeting these technical requirements, the safety, reliability and interoperability of the power exchange system can be ensured, and the use experience and operation efficiency of electric vehicles can be improved.

Challenges faced by power exchange system

However, the power exchange system also faces some challenges, such asThe investment cost is high and the battery standardization is not uniform.Problems such as the following aspects:

1, the construction cost is high:The construction and maintenance of power exchange station need a lot of capital investment, including equipment purchase, site lease, personnel training, etc. In addition, with the continuous expansion of the electric vehicle market and the increasing number of models, the power exchange station needs to be continuously upgraded and expanded to meet the needs of different brands and models, which further aggravates the cost pressure.

?2. Limited penetration rate:At present, the number of stations that can provide power exchange services in the market is relatively small and unevenly distributed, which leads many electric vehicle owners to find suitable power exchange stations when they need to charge, thus affecting their car experience.

3, technical standards are not uniform:The power exchange standards among different car companies are not uniform, which leads to the limited popularization and application scope of power exchange stations. If the structure of the vehicle, the shape and packaging of the battery are not unified, it is impossible to change the electricity.

4, security issues:The power battery will be attenuated, and if the battery state cannot be guaranteed to be unified, it will bring security risks. In addition, how to ensure the safety of the battery in the process of power exchange is also a problem that needs to be solved.

5. Operation mode and charging standard:Reasonable operation mode and charging standard are the key to the comprehensive promotion of the whole power exchange mode. At present, these problems have not been well solved.

6. Insufficient policy support:Although the government has played an important role in promoting the construction of charging facilities, the promotion of power exchange system and mode needs more policy support and market guidance.

Future development trend of power exchange system

The future development trend of power exchange system mainly includesTechnological innovation, policy support, business model innovation and extensive application scenariosThe expansion of. ?

I. Technological innovation

1, battery standardization design:With the progress of battery technology, the battery will be standardized in the future, and different brands of new energy vehicles will adopt unified battery specifications and interfaces, which will greatly promote the popularization of power exchange mode, reduce operating costs and improve service quality.

2, technological innovation and intelligent management:With the development of technology, the power exchange system will become more intelligent and efficient. Through the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the power exchange station will be able to monitor the battery health status in real time and optimize the energy storage and power exchange process.

Second, policy support

1. Government policy support:The government will continue to increase its support for new energy vehicles, and introduce more policies to support the power exchange mode, including subsidies and tax incentives, so as to encourage enterprises to invest in research and development and promote the power exchange mode.

2. Infrastructure construction:The government will increase investment in the construction of charging facilities and power exchange stations to provide strong support for the development of power exchange systems.

Third, diversification of business models

The power exchange industry is not limited to providing battery replacement services.Related enterprises will explore more value-added services.These may include cooperation with public transportation and logistics industries, or providing comprehensive services such as car cleaning and vehicle inspection. This diversified business model can not only increase revenue sources, but also enhance customer stickiness.

Fourth, the expansion of extensive application scenarios

1, the field of electric vehicles:The power exchange system can prolong the battery life and promote the popularization of electric vehicles.

2. UAV field:The power exchange system can prolong the life of the UAV, quickly resume the task and reduce the operating cost.

3. Smart home and standby power supply:The power exchange system can also play a role in smart home and standby power supply.

In a word, the future development prospect of power exchange system is broad, and technological innovation, policy support and business model innovation will continue to promote its development.And is widely used in more application scenarios.

Digital monitoring and operation and maintenance solution of charging and replacing power station

9.1. Equipment Configuration and Networking Scheme

On-site box substation equipped withAnkerui microcomputer protection, harmonic detection, multifunctional instrument, wireless temperature measurement, reactive power compensation controller and intelligent capacitor compensation device.. These devices are connected to the intelligent gateway ANet-2E4SM through RS485 bus, and uploaded to the operation and maintenance management platform of Weilai charging and replacing power station through 4G network. The specific equipment configuration and networking structure are shown in the figure.

Configuration of Intelligent Device in Box Substation of Charging and Replacing Power Station

Structure diagram of field equipment networking

9.2. Equipment Selection Table

9.3. Intelligent Gateway and Platform

In view of the fact that Weilai has established the operation and maintenance management platform for charging and replacing power stations, the box transformer data in this project has passed.ANet-2E4SM intelligent gateway for acquisition., and upload to the platform according to the data format specified by Weilai Transportation Management Platform. The intelligent gateway has built-in embedded system, which integrates many functions such as local data acquisition, logical judgment, protocol conversion, breakpoint continuation, data encryption and protocol customization, ensuring seamless docking with the superior platform.

Ankerui Acrelcloud-1000The power operation and maintenance platform can also meet the operation and maintenance management requirements of box transformers.. The platform can access thousands of users’ substation data. The data it collects covers the electrical parameters and environmental information of the substation, such as current, voltage, power, switch state, transformer temperature, environmental temperature and humidity, water immersion, smoke concentration, video monitoring and access control system. Once an abnormal situation occurs, the platform can send an alarm signal through SMS and mobile application within 10 seconds. In addition, the platform also supports sending tasks to operation and maintenance personnel through mobile applications, and tracking the implementation of tasks by Beidou positioning system to realize closed-loop management, thus improving operation and maintenance efficiency and ensuring that potential defects are discovered and handled in time.

9.3.1 Electric Power Detection

The operation and maintenance platform collects the data of box transformer and distribution system through 4G network, including current, voltage, power, electric energy and switch state, and grasps the real-time and historical data of box transformer.

9.3.2 Electric Energy Statistics

Based on the time-sharing power of Peak Pinggu, the power consumption and electricity cost in different periods are counted, and daily, monthly and annual reports are formed. Through year-on-year analysis and comparison, it is convenient for users to calculate operating costs.

9.3.3 Abnormal alarm

Box transformer current, voltage, power, switch state, transformer load rate and winding temperature, electrical contact temperature, environmental temperature and humidity, smoke, immersion, video, access control information, and alarm information will be sent to the operation and maintenance personnel through APP and SMS in case of abnormal situation.

9.3.4 Operation and Maintenance Management

It can help users to make inspection plans, record the defects found in inspection, distribute work orders to eliminate defects, check the inspection trajectory positioning and repair progress, feedback the task progress, etc., and close the operation and maintenance management process.

9.3.5 User reports

The operation and maintenance platform automatically generates a diagnosis report on the power consumption and operation of users, provides periodic diagnosis reports on the operation of the distribution system, summarizes the problems existing in the distribution system, and puts forward suggestions for improvement.