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Relevant units directly under the municipal government and relevant units in communication:

The government procurement budget is an important part of the departmental budget, and it is an annual government procurement plan prepared by the unit according to the career development plan and administrative tasks, and purchasing goods, projects and services with financial funds. In order to strengthen the management of government procurement budget and standardize the implementation of government procurement budget, according to the Government Procurement Law and its implementing regulations, the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Catalogue and Standards of Centralized Government Procurement in Jiangsu Province in 2021 (Su Cai Gou [2020] No.66), etc., we hereby notify you of the preparation and implementation of government procurement budget in 2021 as follows:

I. Principles of compilation

(a) should be compiled. The government procurement budget should cover all purchase expenditure projects of the department, including centralized procurement and decentralized procurement. Goods, projects and services purchased by all units with financial funds shall be fully included in the compilation scope of government procurement budget, and shall not be omitted or underreported.

(2) Standard preparation. All units shall, according to the Catalogue of Centralized Government Procurement in Jiangsu Province in 2021 (see Annex 1, hereinafter referred to as the Catalogue of Centralized Procurement), the Catalogue of Government Procurement in Online Shopping Mall in Nantong City (see Annex 2, hereinafter referred to as the Catalogue of Centralized Procurement in Online Shopping Mall) and the Catalogue of Centralized Procurement in Education Department of Nantong City at the corresponding level in 2021 (see Annex 3), determine the attributes of procurement items, and classify them according to goods, projects and services.

(3) Reasonable preparation. Each unit shall, according to its annual procurement demand, make a reasonable government procurement budget. For the government procurement projects that need to be paid across years, the government procurement shall be implemented according to the approved total project investment, and the "government procurement budget for the current year" shall be compiled according to the estimated implementation number of the current year; For government procurement projects that have been purchased in previous years and paid in years, the "government procurement carry-over budget" shall be compiled according to the amount payable in the current year as agreed in the contract.

(4) Simultaneous preparation. The government procurement budget is an integral part of the departmental budget, which should be prepared and declared simultaneously with the municipal departmental budget.

Second, the editorial requirements

(1) Catalogue and standards of centralized government procurement

1. Centralized Procurement Catalogue: A unified centralized procurement catalogue of the whole province will be implemented from 2021 (only including goods and services, the same below, see Annex 1 for details), in which: eight items of the province-wide linkage agreement supply (fixed-point procurement) are "servers, computers, printers, firewalls, intrusion detection equipment, security audit equipment, official vehicles (including passenger cars and buses) and motor vehicle insurance services".

The centralized procurement projects of the education department (see Annex 3 for details) shall be determined by the Municipal Education Bureau in combination with the business characteristics of this system, and shall be implemented after being submitted by our bureau to the Provincial Department of Finance for the record.

2. Government procurement quota standard (hereinafter referred to as "quota standard"): the quota standard for centralized procurement and decentralized procurement of goods and services is 300,000 yuan (inclusive, the same below), and the quota standard for decentralized procurement of engineering projects is 600,000 yuan (inclusive, the same below).

3. Amount standard of public bidding: The amount standard of public bidding for goods, services and engineering projects is 4 million yuan (inclusive, the same below), in which: if the engineering and goods and services related to engineering construction are purchased by bidding, the provisions of the Bidding Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its implementation regulations shall apply; Where other procurement methods are adopted, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipal Government Procurement Law and its implementing regulations shall apply.

(2) Compilation points

1. For the procurement items within the centralized procurement catalogue, if the budget amount of single item or batch reaches the quota standard (300,000 yuan), the government procurement budget shall be prepared, and the procurement type shall be "centralized government procurement", in which: for the procurement items listed in the province’s linkage agreement supply catalogue, if the budget amount of single item or batch is 300-1 million yuan (excluding), the procurement method shall be "agreement supply"; For the procurement items listed in the centralized procurement catalogue of the education department, if the budget amount of individual items and batches reaches the quota standard, the government procurement budget should be compiled, and the procurement type is "centralized procurement by departments". If the quota standard is insufficient, the government procurement budget should not be compiled.

Within the centralized procurement catalogue, the single or batch budget amount is less than the quota standard, and the items listed in the online shopping mall procurement catalogue (Annex 2) should also be compiled with the government procurement budget, the procurement type is "decentralized procurement by units" and the procurement method is "online shopping mall"; If other standards are insufficient, the government procurement budget is not prepared, and the methods and procedures stipulated in the government procurement law may not be implemented. The purchaser shall organize the implementation by himself in accordance with the relevant budgetary expenditure management regulations and the internal control management system of the unit.

2. For procurement projects (including projects) outside the centralized procurement catalogue, if the budget amount of individual and batch reaches the limit standard, the government procurement budget should be prepared, and the procurement type is "decentralized procurement by units"; If the quota standard is insufficient, the government procurement budget is not prepared, and the methods and procedures stipulated in the government procurement law may not be implemented. The purchaser shall organize the implementation by himself in accordance with the relevant budgetary expenditure management regulations and the internal control management system of the unit.

3. Compilation of procurement methods: The financial integration budgeting system automatically identifies and solidifies the procurement budget amount and compiles it into two categories: "public bidding" and "non-public bidding". The province’s linkage agreement supply (fixed-point procurement) and online shopping mall procurement are compiled by the unit to the corresponding final procurement method (agreement supply and online shopping mall).

4. Some commonly used office equipment configuration standards shall be implemented according to the provisions of Annex 6 of the Notice on Preparing the Municipal Budget in 2021 (T.C.Y.Y. [2020] No.20).

(3) Editing contents and procedures

1. Government procurement budget for the current year

Units in the department budget in 2021 "a" control number, the preparation of "government procurement budget for the year". Check whether the basic expenditure needs government procurement in the "departmental budget database" of the financial integration budgeting system, and check whether the project expenditure needs government procurement in the "project database". If "Yes" is selected, the project library information such as purchasing total investment of the project, item, unit price, quantity, amount, purchasing type and method, planned purchasing time, etc. shall be filled in corresponding to the specified centralized purchasing catalogue, quota standard, asset allocation budget standard and open bidding amount standard. And further corresponding to specific procurement projects, choose whether to "set aside to support innovative procurement" or "set aside to support the procurement of small and medium-sized enterprises" (set aside for small and medium-sized enterprises should not be less than 30% of the government procurement budget this year, and the proportion set aside for small and micro enterprises should not be less than 60%, the same below).

The government procurement project library is permanently stored in the system regardless of annual carry-over, and the completed projects and unfinished projects are distinguished according to the payment by installments.

2. Improve the "government procurement carry-over budget"

For the procurement items that the unit fails to include in the "government procurement carry-over budget" on the first day of 2021 due to special reasons, the "government procurement carry-over budget" shall be supplemented according to the amount to be paid in 2021 as agreed in the filing contract. For the procurement items that have been included in the "government procurement carry-over budget" but the funds have been paid, the "government procurement carry-over budget" will be reduced according to the paid amount.

3. Financial examination and approval

The financial business department examines and determines the project items, allocation standards, total budget and estimated payment in 2021, whether to reserve share procurement, planned procurement time, etc. of the "government procurement budget for the current year"; According to the contract, review and determine the payment amount of "government procurement carry-over budget" in 2021.

The Financial Procurement Department reviews and determines the items, procurement types, procurement methods, and whether to reserve share procurement in the "Government Procurement Budget for the current year".

The Finance and Budget Department finally determines the project budget according to the estimated payment in 2021 in the "Government Procurement Current Year Budget" and "Government Procurement Carry-over Budget" preliminarily reviewed by the Business Department and the Procurement Department.

(4) Centralized procurement plan of non-departmental budget units

Non-departmental budget units such as resident units and municipal hospitals that apply to be included in the centralized procurement of the municipal government should submit this year’s centralized procurement schedule to the government procurement management office of our bureau and the public resource trading center (the municipal government procurement center) before March 31, 2021, listing the items, amounts, planned procurement time, procurement methods to be selected, whether to "set aside to support innovative procurement" and "set aside to support the procurement of small and medium-sized enterprises".

Iii. Budget implementation

Government procurement budget implementation should implement "no budget, over budget, no procurement; Have a budget, purchase early and purchase quickly, comply with the relevant provisions that do not hinder fair competition and optimize the business environment, and organize procurement in accordance with legal procedures. Government procurement agencies should conduct audits and provide professional services according to laws and regulations.

(1) Time requirements for procurement execution

1 units received the "second" government procurement budget, should be organized and implemented before the third quarter of that year, October 31st each year as the deadline for organizing the implementation of government procurement, in principle, no longer submit government procurement plans and organize government procurement from November.

2. In order to ensure the timely completion of government procurement, the unit should reserve sufficient time to organize procurement in advance, so as to prevent the procurement project from being completed on schedule due to the handling of procurement disputes such as queries and complaints.

(2) Organization and implementation of procurement

The government procurement budget of the unit, after examination and approval, is the basis for the implementation of the annual government procurement budget application.

1. Implementation of centralized procurement project budget: for the province-wide linkage agreement supply (fixed-point procurement) project, the unit will conduct the second bidding procurement within the scope of commodity suppliers with provincial agreement supply (fixed-point procurement) announced by the provincial government procurement network [in which: after the insurance purchased by each unit according to the Notice on Determining the Insurance Company for Purchasing Official Cars (Tong Ji Guan [2020] No.2) expires, the motor vehicle will be supplied (fixed-point procurement) according to the above-mentioned provincial agreement again. The centralized procurement project of the education department shall be submitted by the education system unit to the Municipal Education Technology Center for procurement; The remaining centralized government procurement projects shall be submitted by the unit to the centralized government procurement agency for procurement.

In communication units and municipal hospitals and other non-departmental budget units, to apply for inclusion in the centralized procurement of the municipal government, they must fill in the Application Form for the Implementation of the Centralized Procurement Plan (in triplicate, the sample form is downloaded in the column of "Guide to Work-Guide to Business-Government Procurement" of Nantong Public Resource Trading Platform), and submit it to the Financial Procurement Department for editing and pushing the Municipal Public Resource Trading Center (the municipal government procurement center) to organize procurement.

For goods and services with common requirements for office equipment with uniform standards or procurement units, centralized procurement institutions shall organize centralized procurement with quantity, give play to the advantages of scale, reduce procurement costs and improve procurement efficiency.

Purchasing units can entrust centralized purchasing institutions to organize centralized purchasing activities without being limited by administrative regions and budget management levels. Centralized procurement institutions should strengthen professional capacity building and adapt to the competition mechanism.

2. Implementation of decentralized procurement project budget of the unit: the unit organizes procurement by itself or entrusts the government procurement agency to organize procurement within the scope of entrustment (signing an agency agreement).

Goods below the quota standard and in the online shopping mall procurement catalogue shall be implemented according to the Notice on Further Standardizing and Strengthening the Government Procurement of Online Shopping Mall (No.23 [2020] of Tongcai Purchase). If the online shopping mall can’t meet the procurement needs of the unit, it shall purchase the same low-priced goods from offline and purchase the goods by self-bidding, and submit the approval documents or screenshots of the same goods at the same time in the online shopping mall, and report them to the Financial Procurement Department for review and change.

Decentralized procurement projects with a budget of more than 5 million yuan, high social concern and close relationship with social public interests or public safety, procurement units should give priority to entrusting centralized government procurement agencies to purchase on their behalf.

3. Secret-related government procurement: It shall be implemented in accordance with the Notice on Forwarding the Interim Measures for the Administration of Secret-related Government Procurement (Tong Cai Gou [2019] No.24) and relevant regulations.

(3) Determination of procurement methods

1. All government procurement projects with single and batch budgets reaching the standard of public bidding amount shall be purchased by public bidding, and the projects that should be purchased by public bidding shall not be broken into parts or evaded by other means.

If the unit needs to apply for public bidding to change to non-public bidding procurement mode due to special circumstances, it shall fill in the Application Form for Change of Government Procurement Mode (in triplicate, the sample form is downloaded in the column of "Service Guide-Business Guide-Government Procurement" of Nantong Municipal Government Procurement Network), and the difference (before and during) shall be reported to the Financial Procurement Department for approval after being examined and signed by the competent budget unit or centralized procurement institution. Which intends to use a single source procurement, must first organize expert argumentation, and submitted to the financial procurement department to push the provincial government procurement network publicity for 5 working days without objection after approval.

2 individual and batch budget amount does not meet the standard of public bidding amount of government procurement projects, you can use non-public bidding procurement, you can also choose public bidding. Among them: the procurement method of the items in the centralized procurement catalogue shall be determined by the procurement unit in consultation with the centralized procurement organization when purchasing; The procurement method of centralized procurement projects by the education department shall be determined by the procurement unit of the education system at the time of procurement execution. The procurement method of projects outside the centralized procurement catalogue shall be determined by the purchaser independently according to law or by the government procurement agency (if the project adopts the bidding method, it shall be organized and implemented according to the relevant management requirements of project bidding).

For the following items with the standard amount of public bidding, if it is planned to adopt single-source procurement, it must first organize experts to demonstrate and publicize them for 5 working days without objection [the publicity template is downloaded from the "service guide-business guide-government procurement" download column of Nantong public resource trading platform (municipal government procurement network), and it will be organized and implemented after the approval of the competent budget unit.

(4) Adjustment of procurement budget

After the departmental budget is issued, the government procurement budget shall not be adjusted in principle. If it is really necessary to adjust due to special reasons, it shall be implemented in accordance with the budget adjustment process. Under normal circumstances, the government procurement budget allowed to be adjusted only includes "supplementary budget for inter-annual payment" and "supplementary budget for special subsidies".

1. Supplementary budget for new year’s payment: procurement was implemented in 2020, but it could not be included in the "Government Procurement Carry-over Budget" when the contract was not signed. When payment is needed in 2021, the unit will submit the bid-winning notice, contract and fund payment application to the financial business department, which will add the new year’s payment budget and issue indicators according to the expenditure in 2021 agreed in the contract.

2. Supplementary budget for special subsidies: If special subsidies are added in mid-2021 (including those included in provincial and municipal special projects such as municipal government-invested construction projects, smart cities and informatization projects) involving government procurement, in principle, the project library will be compiled first, and then the indicators will be issued according to the purchase transaction (winning bid) amount; Involving provincial funds have issued a time limit, you can first issue indicators, after the preparation of government procurement project library for procurement.

Prepare the project library first, and then release the indicators: declare the corresponding project library when preparing to organize government procurement, and file the contract after the procurement is completed and the contract is publicized; At the same time, the letter of acceptance, the contract and the application for payment of funds will be submitted to the financial business department, which will make additional payment budget and issue indicators according to the expenditure in 2021 agreed in the contract.

(V) Continuation of procurement facilitation measures

1. Centralized procurement: Documentary procurement of the same goods within 6 months: If the goods to be purchased are in standard configuration and have standard quota, and are consistent with the recent procurement results of centralized procurement institutions (including the Municipal Education Technology Center), documentary procurement can be selected, and the documentary time shall not exceed the "announcement of the bid-winning (transaction) result of centralized procurement for 6 months, and the documentary quantity and unit price shall not exceed the number and bid-winning (transaction) price of centralized procurement. The number and transaction unit price of the "Announcement of Winning Bid (Transaction) Results" and "Announcement of Contract" (screenshots, as purchasing basis and reimbursement voucher) issued by the municipal public resource trading platform (municipal government procurement network) within 6 months as the upper limit directly sign the supply agreement with the corresponding winning bid (transaction) supplier.

2. Contract renewal of some service projects: for projects with strong inter-annual continuity, such as "property management", which are purchased and concluded by the municipal public resources trading center (the municipal government procurement center), the contract can be renewed after the expiration of the contract, provided that the supplier promises not to increase the service fee except for the policy capital increase, if both the purchaser and the supplier voluntarily apply (with the original contract attached) and the contract is audited by the Financial Procurement Office.

In the grasp of renewable projects, it is necessary to highlight the characteristics of "strong continuity" between projects. Decentralized procurement projects of the same company can be implemented with reference to the above process.

(six) standardize the contract announcement, filing and payment according to the contract

The unit shall, within 2 working days from the date of signing the contract, make a contract announcement in Nantong public resource trading platform (municipal government procurement network); The contract shall be filed in the financial integration system within 7 working days. If the payment conditions agreed in the contract are met, the procurement unit shall, within 15 days after receiving the invoice, apply to the national treasury for centralized payment of the corresponding purchase funds to the supplier account agreed in the contract from the "filed application for payment" entrance of the financial integration system, and shall not delay payment on the grounds of institutional change, personnel turnover, policy adjustment, etc., and shall not take the obligations not stipulated in the procurement documents and the contract as the conditions for payment to the supplier.

IV. Relevant requirements

(1) Establish and improve the procurement internal control management system. The competent budget unit should establish and improve the internal decision-making mechanism of government procurement matters in its own department, improve the internal control management system of government procurement, clarify the post authority and responsibility, and strengthen internal audit and discipline inspection and supervision. The purchaser shall specify the organization responsible for government procurement or provide full-time procurement personnel, and strengthen internal control and risk management on the links and processes of determining procurement demand, implementing procurement policies, selecting procurement methods, selecting evaluation experts, publicizing procurement information, organizing queries, signing procurement contracts, organizing performance acceptance, etc., so as to ensure that the procurement results achieve relevant performance and policy objectives.

(2) Implementing the functions of government procurement policies. All units should actively implement the "Government Procurement Law" and its implementing regulations, and other policy functional provisions on government procurement to achieve energy conservation, environmental protection, poverty alleviation, scientific and technological innovation and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and prison enterprises, embed procurement policy objectives in budget performance objectives, improve the implementation mechanism of procurement policies such as reserved expenditure ratio and demand standard management, and clarify specific requirements for supplier qualifications, technology, services, safety, quality and performance conditions. By reserving purchasing share, compulsory purchasing, giving priority to purchasing, first purchasing, ordering and other measures, the support of government procurement for scientific and technological innovation, green development, integration of defense and civilian technologies, poverty alleviation and the development of small and medium-sized enterprises is reflected.

Commissioned by the government procurement agency procurement, should clearly make and review the procurement documents to implement the provisions of the government procurement policy requirements.

Municipal universities and scientific research institutes purchase equipment and consumables urgently needed for scientific research, and adopt the procurement mechanism of special affairs and on-site handling, which may not be handled according to the government procurement bidding procedures. The purchase of general goods and services needed for scientific research is not limited by the standard of self-purchase quota; For the major innovative products and services needed for the first purchase and first use of scientific research, the procurement can be organized according to actual needs; If you purchase imported scientific research instruments and equipment, you can choose your own experts to demonstrate, and the opinions of the experts will be filed together with the procurement documents for future reference; After purchasing the above items, report to the Financial Procurement Department for the record.

(3) Strengthening the management of government procurement services. All units should strictly implement the Administrative Measures for Government Procurement Services (Order No.102 of the Ministry of Finance) and the Notice on Implementing the Administrative Measures for Government Procurement Services and Standardizing the Work of Government Procurement Services (Tong Cai Gou [2020] No.19), fully understand the importance of government procurement services, and correctly grasp the specific requirements of the purchasers, undertakers and contents of government procurement services. Strictly abide by the provisions such as "introducing a third-party organization to evaluate the performance of government-purchased service projects with a price of more than 3 million yuan, soliciting opinions from the public or third-party professional organizations and experts on the procurement requirements of public service projects provided by the government, inviting actual users or third-party professional organizations and experts to participate in the acceptance and making the acceptance results public", and standardize the implementation of government-purchased services. Before the Provincial Department of Finance issued a new catalogue of government procurement services, the catalogue of government procurement services stipulated in the document "Su Cai Purchase [2020] No.16" was still implemented. Each department shall, within the scope of the provincial guidance catalogue, compile the guidance catalogue of government procurement services in this department according to the actual economic and social development, the transformation of government functions and the equalization and standardization of basic public services, and report it to the financial department for examination and approval and jointly issue a document to determine.

(four) to comprehensively promote the disclosure of procurement intentions and commitment to consult and evaluate the procurement documents of major projects in advance. Starting from 2021, all units shall, according to the procurement budget, disclose specific procurement intentions (except confidential procurement) and procurement commitments on the municipal public resource trading platform (municipal government procurement network) and the portal website of the unit at the latest within 30 days before the start of procurement activities, and clarify the name of the project to be purchased, the budget amount, the procurement demand profile, the estimated procurement time and the procurement commitment; Before issuing procurement documents for government procurement projects with a price of more than 4 million yuan (inclusive), the financial government procurement supervision department and centralized procurement institutions shall jointly conduct basic consultation and evaluation in advance, and give tips and reminders for those that do not meet the basic norms. Government procurement shall not be implemented if the procurement intention is not disclosed as required and the commitment and consultation and evaluation are made.

(five) standardize the decentralized procurement behavior of agencies. According to the regulations of the Ministry and the province on strengthening the management of government procurement agencies within its jurisdiction, from 2021 onwards, if a unit intends to choose an agency for decentralized procurement, it should select and entrust a social agency with corresponding professional ability to act as an agent in the list of agencies (registered locally and practicing in the provincial government procurement network and registered locally in other places) published on the municipal public resource trading platform (municipal government procurement network), according to the characteristics of the project, the professional field of the agency or the comprehensive credit evaluation results. No unit or individual may interfere with the procurement unit’s independent choice of agency by means of lottery, lottery and selection.

The agency fee can be paid by the supplier who won the bid (clinched a deal) or by the purchaser. If it is paid by the successful bidder (transaction), the supplier’s quotation shall include the agency fee. If the agency fee exceeds the limit standard, it shall be paid by the successful bidder (transaction) in principle.

The agency shall clearly indicate the charging method and standard of agency fees in the procurement documents, and disclose the charging situation of this project together with the result of winning the bid (transaction), including the specific charging standard and amount.

(6) Refine and optimize the setting of evaluation factors. All units and procurement agencies should scientifically set evaluation factors and further refine the quantitative evaluation factors according to the project demand characteristics and performance objectives. The objective evaluation factors should be set with fixed scores, while the subjective evaluation factors should refine the scores and reduce the discretionary space.

(7) Standardize the management of margin revenue and expenditure. All units and procurement agencies should strictly implement the provisions of "Tongcaigou [2020] No.30" to cancel the collection of bid bond for government procurement; If it is really necessary to collect the performance bond, the supplier shall be allowed to choose to pay or submit it in non-cash forms such as check, draft, promissory note and guarantee; In the procurement contract, the way, time, conditions and non-return of the performance bond are agreed, and the liability for breach of contract for overdue return of the performance bond is clarified.

(eight) the full implementation of government procurement information disclosure. All units should conscientiously implement the Regulations on the Implementation of the Government Procurement Law, the Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Disclosure of Government Procurement Information (Su Cai Gou [2015] No.51), and the Notice on Enabling the Self-publishing Management System of Decentralized Government Procurement Information (Tong Cai Gou [2018] No.32). Notice on Forwarding the Format Specification of Government Procurement Announcement and Publicity Information (2020 Edition) (Tongcaigou [2020] No.10) and other documents, the competent budget unit shall be responsible for reviewing the units under its jurisdiction that can self-publish decentralized government procurement information, and units and projects that are not applicable to the government procurement law shall not publish government procurement information on the municipal government procurement network.

(9) Strengthen the handling of government procurement disputes. Procurement units and procurement agencies shall handle government procurement disputes in accordance with the Government Procurement Law and its implementing regulations, Measures for Questions and Complaints in Government Procurement (Order No.94 of the Ministry of Finance), and Notice on Forwarding the Handling Process of Questions in Government Procurement (No.33 [2018] of Tong Cai Gou). For those who do not violate laws and regulations, we must do a good job in communication, coordination and resolution, ensure that we can answer questions within 3 working days, answer questions within 7 working days, and cooperate with the financial department to investigate and handle complaints. It is necessary to strengthen the record of buyers’ violations of laws and regulations and the retrospective mechanism of responsibilities, and deal with buyers and responsible persons who violate laws and regulations according to law.

(ten) to strengthen the evaluation and application of government procurement credit. In order to standardize government procurement behavior and improve the restraint mechanism of trustworthiness incentive and dishonesty, all units shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Interim Measures for the Administration of Government Procurement Credit in Jiangsu Province (Tong Cai Gou [2018] No.31), strengthen the recording and evaluation of "general dishonesty and serious dishonesty" involving suppliers, agencies and evaluation experts in the stages of organizing and implementing government procurement projects, contract performance and questioning complaints (pushing for serious dishonesty)

Please follow the above notice.

Attachment: 1. Catalogue of centralized government procurement in Jiangsu Province in 2021.

2. Nantong online shopping mall procurement directory

3.2021 Nantong Education Department Centralized Procurement Catalogue

Nantong bureau of finance

October 20, 2020

2021 government procurement catalog. rar

　　CCTV News:The State Council Office held a press conference on the operation of the national economy in July 2023. Fu Linghui, spokesperson of the National Bureau of Statistics and director of the National Economic Statistics Department, introduced at the meeting that since August this year, the release of the urban survey unemployment rate of young people of all ages in China will be suspended, mainly because the economy and society are constantly developing and changing, the statistical work needs to be continuously improved, and the labor force survey statistics need to be further improved and optimized. For example, in recent years, among the young people in cities and towns in China, the number of students at school has been expanding. In 2022, there were more than 96 million urban youths aged 16-24 in China, including more than 65 million students. The main task of students in school is to study. Whether students looking for jobs before graduation should be included in the labor force survey and statistics, there are different views in various sectors of society, which need further study. For another example, with the improvement of the education level of Chinese residents, the study time of young people in school has increased. In the labor force survey statistics, the definition of the age range of young people also needs further study.

　　In view of these situations, the National Bureau of Statistics will conduct in-depth research to further improve the labor force survey statistics and better reflect the employment situation. We welcome valuable opinions from all walks of life and make joint efforts to promote the continuous improvement of statistical work and better serve economic and social development.

CCTV News:This year’s National Day holiday, local tours and outings that do not travel far and gather together have become the choices of many tourists. After punching in the old city, I always wanted to see the exhibitions that I didn’t see when I went to the museum. The local people traveled locally, which made many tourists discover the "beauty" that they hadn’t found around them.

During the holiday, in the Jinsha Site Museum in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, the dual cultural experience of ancient Shu civilization and shellfish world met the audience for the first time, and more than 1,200 precious shellfish specimens and related cultural relics were presented in a concentrated way. Visitors can see 29 rare shellfish specimens such as clams and hundreds of other kinds of shellfish at a glance, and they are accompanied by an immersive exhibition hall for landscaping, which has become a lot of local treasures.

In addition to exploring the wonderful shellfish world, in the permanent exhibition area of Jinsha Site Museum, precious cultural relics unearthed from Jinsha Site, such as the golden ornaments of the sun god bird, the bronze figurine and the ten-section jade cong, also attracted many visitors.

During the "Eleventh" period, autumn is crisp, and local outdoor activities are more favored by consumers. In Laojun Mountain Scenic Area in Luoyang, Henan Province, the primeval forest at the top of the mountain is dense, and the pleasant climate attracts a large number of tourists to climb the mountain and look far.

In Hainan, scenic spots such as Luhuitou and Dongdongtian in Sanya are open to citizens free of charge. In the Panda Exhibition Hall of Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park in Haikou, the staff put Wowotou, bamboo shoots and carrots together in bamboo baskets in advance. At this time, the panda Shunshun is enjoying its "hot pot" meal. The five-pointed star hanging in the exhibition hall and the panda display board printed with the words "Happy National Day" have added a lot of festive atmosphere.

The monitoring results in china tourism academy show that during the National Day holiday this year, the national tourism market is dominated by local leisure and short-distance tourism. Among short-distance tourism, suburban tourism accounts for about 36%. The booking of train lines in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces is hot. From the time point of view, the number of people who travel within three days of the National Day holiday is expected to account for about 55%, which means that the number of people who travel for seven days is divided into short trips and multiple trips.

　　Recently, there are always people on the Internet who say that the barbecue in Zibo is "cold". There are three reasons: first, the passenger flow has dropped; second, some barbecue shops have begun to transfer their facades; third, the popularity of online search is not as good as before.

　　It is better to return to normal than to be "cool". At present, although the barbecue in Zibo is "cooling down", it does not mean that there is no heat. The owner of the barbecue shop reported that although the current passenger flow is not as good as the peak period in April and May, it is still much more than before the "fire"; Although the booking volume of hotels and homestays has declined, the booking situation of the Dragon Boat Festival holiday not long ago is still considerable. It can be seen that the heat of barbecue is still warming many operators in this city.

　　This is Linzi Barbecue Courtyard located in Linzi District, Zibo City. Photo by Zhu Zheng (Xinhua News Agency)

　　The popularity of barbecue in Zibo attracted many entrants. According to the data, from March 1st to June 18th, there were 694 barbecue-related enterprises in Zibo, among which there were veterans in the catering industry and novices. Under the baptism of the market tide, there are shops that have always maintained a high standard of taste and service and are still full of passengers; There are also those who lack stable customers and good word-of-mouth support and can only transfer the facade.

　　Zibo barbecue has become a phenomenal "national feast", which is the result of spontaneous promotion by tourists, rapid response by the government, active maintenance by citizens and other factors, and the help of network traffic can not be ignored.

　　The speed of creating hot spots on the Internet is often very fast. The online "mountain-like tsunami" traffic is transformed into offline short-time passenger flow, which tests the city’s ability to provide a perfect business reception environment and high-quality public services. Once it fails to meet the expectations of tourists, the voice of praise may turn into complaints, which is an examination question that all online celebrity cities need to face. In addition, the Internet traffic economy has the characteristics of rapid upgrading and short life cycle. Not only in Zibo, but also in other online celebrity cities, it is difficult to keep the heat at its peak all the time, and the change of "You sing and I come on stage" is not uncommon in cyberspace. When the flow ebbs, how to cultivate the new kinetic energy of sustainable development is another question for online celebrity. A single barbecue may not be able to meet the experience needs of tourists’ differentiated and diversified leisure tourism. There are many articles to be done from these perspectives, such as exploring tourism resources, enriching the supply of tourism products and injecting the soul into tourism with culture.

　　A nationwide barbecue made more people know about Zibo, and its good consumption environment and excellent public services made it famous. For this newly-built city of online celebrity, people’s continuous concern is the most precious wealth for the long-term development of Zibo.

　　Economic Daily (by Zhang Xue)

　　The girl was burned and died after imitating a short video. Nearly 20 days later, "Office Xiao Ye" made its first sound, and the incident is still fermenting. No matter who is responsible for it for the time being, it did start with a dangerous short video. While sighing for the two girls, we should also reflect on the production and dissemination methods of short videos that only pay attention to traffic gimmicks and ignore risk warnings.

　　In the current era of short videos, everyone can make videos as bloggers, especially some "life tips" videos with a different approach, which are not only popular, but also easy to be imitated by viewers. However, minors do not have enough ability to judge the right and wrong of things around them and are prone to danger. It is far from enough to rely on a simple "operation is dangerous, please do not imitate". How to ensure the safe and healthy viewing of minors is a problem that short video producers and platforms must face.

　　The occurrence of tragedy once again sounded the alarm. Nowadays, hundreds of millions of producers and short videos are active in the network. Short video platforms should also take the responsibility of auditing and be responsible to users while obtaining traffic from them. They should not ignore safety, health and ethical barbaric growth. Moreover, this needs to attract the attention of the whole society and relevant departments. A series of systems, such as network blacklist, real-name registration system and content grading, need to be introduced urgently, so that the development of short video can be regulated by rules and laws, and if necessary, it should be regulated by powerful administrative means to avoid more tragedies. Qilu Evening News Qilu Yidian reporter Li Xiaodong

　 　 　 　 Heavy! Against the background that the US keeps escalating the Sino-US trade friction despite its opposition, the Press Office in the State Council, China today released a white paper entitled "Facts about Sino-US Trade Friction and China’s Position". This nearly 40,000-word document clarified the key facts in Sino-US economic and trade with detailed data and cases, strongly refuted a series of untenable arguments of the US government, and fully expounded China’s position and attitude. On Sino-US economic and trade frictions, the white paper puts forward 13 authoritative conclusions!

Conclusion 1. The "American Loss Theory" is untenable.

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, bilateral economic and trade relations have continued to develop, and cooperation in trade and investment has achieved fruitful results, achieving complementary advantages and mutual benefit. China has benefited a lot from it, and the United States has also gained extensive and huge economic benefits from it, sharing the opportunities and achievements brought by the development of China.

On the whole, Sino-US economic and trade cooperation is a win-win relationship, not a zero-sum game. American enterprises and nationals have benefited from it, and the "American loss theory" claimed by some Americans is untenable.

Second, it is unfair to blame China for the imbalance of trade in goods between China and the United States.

The imbalance of trade in goods between China and the United States is more a natural result of the independent choice of the market under the American economic structure and the existing comparative advantage pattern. To solve this problem, both sides need to make joint efforts to carry out structural adjustment. It is unfair and unreasonable for the United States to ignore many factors that affect Sino-US economic and trade relations, unilaterally emphasize the imbalance of trade in goods between the two countries, and blame China.

Third, the so-called "fair trade" in the United States will cause a wider range of unfairness

The so-called "fair trade" emphasized by the current American government is not based on international rules, but on the premise of "American priority" and aims at safeguarding America’s own interests.

The "fair trade" and "reciprocal opening" advocated by the United States deny the objective differences in the development stages, resource endowments and advantageous industries of various countries, and ignore the development rights of developing countries, which will inevitably have an impact on the economies and industries of developing countries, resulting in a wider range of unfairness, and ultimately will not be conducive to American enterprises to expand the international market and share the development opportunities of developing countries.

The so-called "compulsory technology transfer" in China is a complete distortion of the facts.

Since China’s reform and opening-up, in order to expand emerging markets, save production expenses, realize economies of scale and extend the time of technology profit, foreign enterprises have taken the initiative to establish cooperative partnership with China enterprises, signed contracts and transferred their production capacity and orders to China, which is entirely a voluntary behavior of enterprises based on commercial interests. We should not distort the original voluntary trading activities of both parties into compulsory technology transfer because of the technological progress of enterprises in China, which is neither in line with historical facts nor a betrayal of the spirit of contract.

The U.S. government calls the voluntary cooperation of foreign-invested enterprises to establish partnership with China enterprises, transfer or license their technology and jointly obtain commercial returns in the China market "compulsory technology transfer", which is a complete distortion of the facts.

Conclusion 5. The accusation of the United States against intellectual property protection in China is contrary to the facts.

China has a clear and firm attitude towards the protection of intellectual property rights, and has continuously strengthened protection at the legislative, law enforcement and judicial levels, and achieved remarkable results. The recent accusation of the US government against China’s intellectual property protection is contrary to the facts, completely obliterating China’s great efforts and achievements in intellectual property protection.

Conclusion 6. China government’s support for enterprises to go global is not a government action to promote enterprises to acquire advanced technology from other countries through mergers and acquisitions.

Like other countries and regions in the world, China government supports powerful and qualified enterprises to invest abroad and expand the international market on the premise of observing the laws and regulations of the host country and international rules, and the government provides convenient services for enterprises’ foreign investment cooperation. The United States regards the China government’s support for enterprises to go abroad as a government action to promote enterprises to acquire advanced technology from other countries through mergers and acquisitions, which lacks factual basis.

Conclusion 7. There are a large number of investment and trade restrictions policies and behaviors in the United States.

There are a large number of investment and trade restrictions policies and behaviors in the United States that distort market competition, hinder fair trade and split the global industrial chain, which are detrimental to the rule-based multilateral trading system and seriously affect the normal development of Sino-US economic and trade relations.

Conclusion 8. The international trade friction provoked by the United States will ultimately harm the long-term interests of the United States.

As the main founder and participant of the international economic order and multilateral trading system after World War II, the United States should take the lead in observing multilateral trade rules and properly handle trade frictions with other member countries through the dispute settlement mechanism under the framework of the World Trade Organization, which is also a clear commitment made by the US government to the international community. However, since taking office, the new American administration has unilaterally emphasized "American priority", pursued unilateralism and economic hegemonism, abandoned international commitments, and provoked international trade frictions in all directions, which not only harmed the interests of China and other countries, but also damaged the international image of the United States itself, shaken the foundation of the global multilateral trading system, and will ultimately harm the long-term interests of the United States.

Conclusion 9. The extreme trade protection measures taken by the United States hurt global economic and trade relations.

A series of extreme trade protection measures adopted by the US government have destroyed the international economic order, harmed global economic and trade relations including Sino-US economic and trade exchanges, impacted the global value chain and the international division of labor system, interfered with market expectations, and triggered violent shocks in international finance and commodity markets, which has become the biggest uncertain factor and risk source for global economic recovery.

Conclusion X. China is confident, determined and capable of coping with various risk challenges.

For the trade war, China is unwilling to fight, not afraid to fight, and has to fight if necessary. We have strong economic resilience and broad market space, the industrious and intelligent people of China, and the support of all countries in the world that oppose protectionism, unilateralism and hegemonism. We are confident, determined and capable of coping with various risk challenges. No external factor can prevent China from developing and growing.

The healthy and stable development of Sino-US economic and trade relations is expected by the international community.

Sino-US economic and trade frictions are related to global economic stability and prosperity, and to world peace and development, and should be properly resolved. Peace between China and the United States is beneficial, but fighting is harmful. It is in the fundamental interests of the two peoples and the common interests of the people of the world to maintain healthy and stable economic and trade relations between the two sides, which is expected by the international community.

Conclusion XII. The open door of China will not be closed, but will only grow wider and wider.

Reform and opening up is the basic national policy of China and the fundamental driving force for the development of China. The direction of China’s reform will not be reversed, but will continue to deepen. China’s open door will not be closed, but will only get wider and wider. China will continue to deepen reform and open wider to the outside world in accordance with the established deployment and pace, comprehensively promote the rule of law and build a socialist country ruled by law.

Conclusion XIII. China adheres to the general trend and the right path and unswervingly upholds the multilateral trading system.

If you get the word, you will get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. Faced with the international situation of increasing uncertainties, instability and insecurity, China Do not forget your initiative mind has always walked with the world, followed the general trend, upheld justice and followed the right path, unswervingly safeguarded the multilateral trading system, unswervingly promoted the reform of the global governance system, always been a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development and a defender of the international order, and unswervingly promoted the building of a community of human destiny.

(finishing: People’s Daily client Yue Xiaoqiao Zuo Xiao)

In April this year, Tesla CEO Musk lightning visited China, and his arrival also reminded the outside world of the discussion and speculation about Tesla’s fully autonomous driving (hereinafter referred to as "FSD") entering China.

In fact, there are many challenges that FSD needs to face when entering China, including data and privacy protection, whether domestic users can accept the charging model, and the approval of relevant departments. There have been many unknowns in this matter.

However, just as the new energy vehicle circle intends to improve its smart driving ability while waiting for the FSD to enter China, Musk said at the just-held conference call of Tesla’s second quarter earnings report that the FSD is expected to be approved in China and Europe before the end of this year.

Under this circumstance, the entry of FSD into China is no longer a "pie", but a "countdown" is officially started. If it goes well, domestic Tesla owners are expected to be able to pay for the use of FSD after half a year. Can this help Tesla recover the increasingly stalled sales in China?

Tesla’s profit margin is under pressure.

While the outside world is concerned about FSD’s entry into China, Tesla recently released its financial report for the second quarter of 2024. The report shows that Tesla’s total revenue in the second quarter increased slightly by 2% to $25.5 billion, but after removing the income from carbon points, the actual automobile sales revenue was only $18.5 billion, down 7% year-on-year, slightly lower than the market expectation of $18.7 billion; Net profit was $1.494 billion, down 45% from the same period last year.

In the face of such a financial report, Tesla’s share price also fell by more than 8%. However, for Tesla, whose share price has been soaring since the second half of the year, the adjustment of the current share price is obviously only a slight fluctuation.

Since July, Tesla’s share price has risen by more than 25%, and even in the first week of July, its increase has erased all the declines in the first half of the year.

The "good" behind Tesla’s share price, on the one hand, is because its delivery volume in the second quarter was 444,000 vehicles, which was 4.8% lower than that in the same period of last year, but increased by 14.7% from the previous month. Considering the relatively weak global electric vehicle market, for Tesla, this achievement has been better than the expectations of Wall Street institutions.

On the other hand, what attracts capital to vote with their feet is Tesla’s "new story" in artificial intelligence and autonomous driving. In April this year, Musk announced that Tesla will release Robotaxi products on August 8 this year (it has been confirmed that it will be postponed until October); In July, Musk said that humanoid robots will be produced in small batches next year.

In addition, as the world’s first "end-to-end" AI autopilot model, the FSD V12 released at the end of last year is also a trump card of Tesla. Insiders pointed out that Tesla may be the most underestimated "AI investment target" in the US stock market. Some analysts estimate that the valuation of FSD business may be as high as 1 trillion US dollars, which has exceeded Tesla’s market value of about 800 billion US dollars.

But to prop up such a huge imagination space, it is natural to have the support of real money and silver. Tesla said in a statement that the profit in the second quarter was mainly affected by "artificial intelligence projects" and "restructuring costs", which refers to the cost paid by Tesla for 10% layoffs in April this year.

However, in addition to the increase in investment, Tesla’s sluggish auto business is the key to affecting the company’s performance. The decline in revenue is mainly due to the decline in automobile sales, while the profit is "halved" because bicycle profits continue to shrink, and the price war brought about by fierce competition in the industry has equally affected every car company.

In the second quarter of this year, Tesla’s overall gross profit margin was 18%, which was higher than that in the past three quarters, but the gross profit margin of automobile sales fell to 13.9%, which means that Tesla’s gross profit for selling a car was $5,784, compared with $13,809 two years ago.

FSD will play catfish again

Therefore, this "FSD entry into China" has also become a key step for Tesla to regain lost ground in the China market, not only to promote product iteration and boost sales in China market, but also to preempt the layout of the intelligent networked automobile market.

As we all know, in the field of intelligent driving, Tesla has always been a "minority". Compared with the lidar route selected by most domestic auto-driving solution suppliers, the pure visual route that Tesla adheres to has not been the mainstream solution.

However, since last year, the domestic "smart driving route" has quietly turned its direction. On the one hand, the rise of the big model has become a new variable. Musk said that after FSD adopts end-to-end technology, it only needs 3,000 lines of code to replace the original 300,000 lines of code.

On the other hand, more and more car companies are actively promoting urban NOA, but compared with high-speed scenes, the complexity of road conditions in urban scenes can be described as a geometric increase. If we still rely on the research and development method of handwritten rules by engineers, it will not only increase the development cost of car companies, but also slow down the progress of "opening the city" of car companies.

Xia Yiping, CEO of Extreme Vietnam, once said that whoever has not landed this year "can drive the whole country intelligently" will fall behind in the wave of intelligence. The intelligent competition of the new energy cycle has reached a white-hot stage, and every car company is naturally "hurry up and don’t hurry up".

It can be seen that "FSD’s entry into China" has accelerated the intellectual competition between car companies, but for car companies, FSD may not be an invincible opponent.

For example, some time ago, Chairman Xpeng Motors went to California to experience the version of FSD V12.3.6, and gave an evaluation of "excellent performance". However, when talking about FSD’s entry into China, he said that it would face more complicated road conditions when it landed in China.

Yu Chengdong, chairman of BU, a smart car solution, welcomed Tesla FSD to enter the China market, but also stressed that Huawei enhanced its perception by using lidar, which made Huawei’s intelligent driving system outperform Tesla in the China market.

However, compared with the optimism of car companies, the view that there is no direct competition with Tesla seems to be more conservative. Some insiders said that Tesla’s chips and algorithms are strongly bound, and the cost is only one-third of that of peers.

In contrast, the domestic automobile products that focus on intelligent driving have not been optimized for software and hardware integration, and more hardware will be invested in the future to achieve the same effect. In addition, Tesla has obvious data advantages. It is reported that the cumulative mileage of Tesla FSD has exceeded 1.6 billion kilometers.

Of course, in terms of intelligent driving, whether Tesla is a "wolf" or a "sheep" will eventually have to wait until the FSD lands, so that domestic car companies and Tesla can compete with each other. But before that, Tesla has obviously become a "catfish", driving the development of the entire intelligent driving industry in China.

Tesla can also accelerate learning in the competition. When Tesla can get more domestic city driving data support, it may be able to take another share in the field of Robotaxi and accelerate the development in the field of intelligent networked vehicles.

Tesla expects to boost sales.

Of course, compared with the higher-order assisted driving explosion, whether it can boost domestic market sales through FSD may be a more urgent task for Tesla.

To be sure, the market has high hopes for the new version of FSD. If the landing effect of China market is amazing, it will not only change the pattern of the whole autonomous driving industry, but also bring "early adopter effect" and promote Tesla’s sales.

But at the same time, there are still many uncertainties about the performance of FSD in the domestic market. First, considering the differences in road conditions and training scenes at home and abroad, it is hard to say whether the performance of the "tiger" FSD is better than that of the "local snake".

Second, it is a question of willingness to pay. After accessing the credit card data of about 3,500 Tesla owners who participated in the FSD trial, some institutions found that less than 2% of Tesla users decided to buy after trying the FSD. It is reported that the price of FSD in China is 64,000 yuan. How many fans can FSD gain under the background that "paid awareness" has not been cultivated in the domestic autonomous driving market?

The most important factor is that intelligent driving has never been the only factor that affects consumers’ car purchase decisions. For Tesla, the lack of new models is the root of its recent continuous price war, and the lack of product innovation can only attract consumers by adjusting prices.

It is reported that Tesla’s new car is scheduled to start production in the first half of next year and will be produced on the same production line as the current model. However, sharing the production line means that the cost of this new car may not drop so much, and it is impossible to spell the "price bayonet", so the differentiation ability of the new car is even more critical.

It is worth mentioning that Tesla also talked about "price" in the financial report meeting. He said that he knew that many car manufacturers offered attractive price concessions, but in the long run, the price war was not a problem for Tesla.

So far, Tesla’s gross profit is still among the top cars, but it has room for price reduction, but it has no "one drop to the end". Although there are considerations such as product matrix and market reaction, instead of "scale rather than profit", perhaps Musk still prefers to use profits to accelerate the development of artificial intelligence and autonomous driving business.

As Musk said, "If someone doesn’t believe that Tesla can solve the problem of autonomous driving (FSD), they should not become investors in Tesla", which may be Tesla’s "long-term doctrine" in the future.

However, at the moment when intelligent assisted driving is rapidly heading for autonomous driving and even unmanned driving, are users really ready for the "unmanned era"?

　　There is such a kind of car that shuttles through the streets. People call it "Old Man Le". It looks like a car and is actually a four-wheel low-speed electric car. However, "Old Man Le" lacks basic safety configuration, poor stability, poor braking, and dangerous driving on the road, which is easy to cause traffic accidents.

　　Today (February 10th), the reporter learned that recently, Gaoyou Court concluded a product liability dispute case, in which the plaintiff injured a motorcycle rider while driving an electric four-wheeled vehicle, and had to pay nearly 200,000 yuan after mediation. The owner who can sell "Lao Toule" didn’t tell the truth, and the plaintiff mistakenly thought that "Lao Toule" was a non-motor vehicle and didn’t get a driver’s license, license or insure the vehicle. Later, the plaintiff sued the vehicle seller for compensation.

　　Uncle Wang (pseudonym), a citizen of Gaoyou, likes to go out for a stroll. Considering weather factors such as wind and rain, he bought an electric four-wheeled vehicle in 2021. With this car, Uncle Wang’s life is more colorful. He drives out from time to time, not to mention how happy he is. However, an accident made him deeply regret his original decision to buy a car. What’s going on here?

　　In March 2022, Uncle Wang was driving on a main road in a local town, with a fork in the road ahead, and suddenly a motorcycle came across. Uncle Wang’s left turn failed to avoid the straight motorcycle in time, causing the two cars to collide and the motorcycle rider fell to the ground and was injured. After the traffic accident, the traffic police arrived at the scene to deal with the accident, and the injured motorcycle rider Mr. Chen (pseudonym) was taken to the hospital for treatment. Mr. Chen was seriously injured and was discharged after a period of treatment. After identification, the degree of injury belongs to the second degree of serious injury. The results of the accident investigation were released, and Uncle Wang was completely dumbfounded after getting the appraisal results. After identification, the vehicle that Uncle Wang was driving was a motor vehicle, and the traffic police department issued the "Certificate of Road Traffic Accident", which determined that Uncle Wang did not obtain a motor vehicle driver’s license, drove an unregistered electric four-wheeled vehicle on the road, and did not let the straight vehicle go first when turning left at the intersection, which was the main cause of the accident, and the other party was responsible for the accident. After mediation, Uncle Wang needs to compensate the other party for 195,000 yuan. I have to bear a large amount of compensation at one time, and Uncle Wang is a little unable to sit still. "When I bought this car, the boss didn’t tell me to get a motor vehicle driver’s license, and I didn’t know that the vehicle had to be registered. It can’t be all on me." As a consumer, Uncle Wang said, "If I had known that this car belonged to a motor vehicle and the product had quality defects, I would not have paid for it."

　　The vehicle was not licensed, and Uncle Wang was still openly in driving without a license. According to him, it is mainly because I don’t know the nature of the car as an electric car. Afterwards, Uncle Wang thought that the seller of the electric four-wheeler did not explain to him that the car was an electric vehicle, which made him mistakenly think that he was driving a non-motor vehicle. "The business practices have made me miserable, and they should also bear the liability for compensation for the accident." Uncle Wang negotiated this matter with the vehicle sales department, but there was no progress. Finally, Uncle Wang took the sales department and operator Mr. Li (a pseudonym) to court. Recently, Gaoyou court heard the case. The judge pointed out that the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "If a product is defective and causes damage to others, the infringed may claim compensation from the producer of the product or the seller of the product.".

　　The Product Quality Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The defects mentioned in this law refer to the unreasonable dangers of products that endanger the personal and property safety of others; If the product has national standards and industry standards to protect human health and personal and property safety, it means that it does not meet the standards. " After trial, the court held that the defendant’s sales department sold the electric car to the plaintiff, and in the process of sales, the attributes of the vehicle were vaguely defined, misleading consumers to buy and use the electric car as a non-motor vehicle. However, the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the case was identified as a motor vehicle. The defendant’s sales department sold the products identified as motor vehicles, failed to warn consumers of the products, and had defects in instructions, explanations and warnings, which made the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the accident unreasonable and should be identified as defective products. Based on the defects of the product, one of the reasons for the accident was that the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved was not registered, the plaintiff drove on the road without obtaining a motor vehicle driver’s license, and did not follow the motor vehicle regulations.

　　That is to say, the defective electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the case has a causal relationship with the occurrence and damage results of this traffic accident, and the defendant’s sales department has a certain fault in failing to fulfill its warning obligations. The court also held that the plaintiff did not yield in accordance with the regulations in this accident, and his fault participation and cause in the traffic accident were far greater than the behavior of driving an unlicensed motor vehicle.

　　At the same time, the court considered that the electric four-wheeled vehicle involved in the case was different from the general electric two-wheeled bicycle by naked eyes, and the plaintiff, as the driver, should pay the utmost attention to the vehicle attributes when purchasing the vehicle. The plaintiff failed to carefully review the duty of care, and also made negligence. The court finally ruled that the defendant’s sales department was liable for 15% of the compensation and should compensate the plaintiff for 29,250 yuan.

　　("Zero Distance" reporter/Mika editor/Wang Ze)

Do you need to train sketch to draw Chinese painting? What is the current situation of sketch art and sketch education in China? Reporter The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) visited experts from major art institutions and art colleges in Shanghai to discuss this topic from various aspects such as Chinese painting, oil painting, printmaking and sculpture.

Zhang Peicheng (Vice Chairman of Shanghai Artists Association):

If Chinese painting wants to draw lessons from sketch, it must be cut in the way of Chinese painting.

Do you need to train sketch to draw Chinese painting? This issue has been controversial for a long time.

Everyone has a different understanding of the connotation and extension of sketch. Personally, I think that no matter oil painting, Chinese painting, printmaking or even abstract art, they are all in modeling. If sketch is a convenient way to solve modeling problems, it should still be necessary to learn sketch. Of course, there was no concept of sketch in ancient China, but the line drawing at that time was also a kind of sketch to some extent.

Sketch is actually a kind of judgment on modeling. This is the ability to feel the object.I think this ability to feel is very important for an artist. For example, when he sees a person, a scene or a bottle, he will feel and have the impulse to express himself. If this sensibility is innate, it is also necessary to tap this potential through sketch training. Of course, there are different ways of sketching, such as passively simulating nature and actively expressing objects. In fact, Chinese painting is adapted to the latter.

Western sketch also solves the problem of space. Stereo and perspective are basic skills in oil painting. For Chinese painting, the picture is flat. Even if we want to draw more realistic Chinese painting now, this space is different from oil painting. So,If we want to learn sketch in Chinese painting, its emphasis must be different from that in western painting. Otherwise, it will bring many negative effects.

In fact, among some Chinese painters older than me, some are very successful artists, but they still encounter bottlenecks. The reason is that too many western sketches were instilled in those years, and this influence is hard to get rid of, and problems arise when they are expressed with brush and ink lines of Chinese paintings. This kind of sketch training has become a shackle, which makes the performance of Chinese painting very free. From this perspective, sketch and Chinese painting are two systems. Especially for painters who paint landscapes, flowers and birds, it is absolutely impossible to use this sketching method to train, and they can’t paint plaster like western painting, and they can even not sketch.

But from a broad perspective, the sketch of Chinese painting can be trained in another way. For example, China’s drawing characters requires strong modeling ability, so modeling training is essential. The expression of Chinese painting is written, which requires the painter to express what he wants to express in one go very skillfully. If he hesitates a little in modeling and the pen stops, his writing will be greatly affected, and his breath will be "broken" immediately. However, the modeling training of Chinese painting should not draw long-term homework, otherwise it will damage the artistic expression.

Zhang Peicheng’s sketch works

In addition, the drawing method of Chinese painting sketch should also abandon the method of completely simulating the object and drawing in an orderly way. In today’s era, we should also encourage the diversity of modeling, draw our own feelings and create freely. I think this is more in line with the requirements of art.

In fact, in ancient times, although we didn’t learn sketch in the western sense, we also learned modeling by studying mustard seed garden and earlier pastels. For example, painting flowers requires a very good understanding of the structure of flowers. Take Qi Baishi as an example. He has never drawn a western sketch, but he knows the structure of the object very well. I remember once reading a document that Qi Baishi wanted to draw a duck. He carefully studied what the other paw was like when the duck landed on the ground, and he knew it clearly.Strictly speaking, we can also understand his process of figuring it out as a kind of sketch, because he is not only figuring it out in his mind, but also showing it in writing, so this is actually a study of modeling.Therefore, for Chinese painting, the training of sketch should have its own set of methods, instead of being "led by the nose" by the object, it should not be too realistic, but should capture more meaningful shapes.

Qi Baishi’s Works (Partial)

Teachers should always inspire students’ feelings about art. If everyone has their own unique interests, they can find themselves, and our art world will be rich and colorful. Although it’s hard to do. Of course, it is also necessary for traditional learning. Otherwise, this culture will not be handed down.

Traditional Chinese painting teachers used to teach students the modeling of objects and a program when teaching. Students know what peony looks like, how many painting methods there are, and the unique formal language of Chinese painting, that is, the program of painting. I think there are advantages to this, but there are also shortcomings, that is, unless students of Chinese painting have special talents, they can leave their teachers and draw peony and bamboo that are different from their teachers, otherwise they will easily fall into a stylized mode.

In fact, creation should go out and face nature directly, and sketching is very important. Of course, subjective things can be completely integrated into one’s heart. I have seen Mr. Zhu Qizhan’s sketches, and he hooked a house with a small notebook and pen, and so on. Many things are in his heart.

I can say that people who paint bamboo now rarely go out to see real bamboo, but only from the program, so people all over the country may paint the same bamboo. The program created by our ancients was summed up against real bamboo.If we have the ability to sketch today, we can also create a new program for today’s bamboo-this program is different from the ancients, but it is connected with the roots of our national culture. And this requires the ability to shape objects.

Just after the Cultural Revolution, the Ministry of Education had a big discussion about whether Chinese painting should be sketched. Is sketch the basis of Chinese painting? I think it is definitely wrong to say that "sketch is the basis of Chinese painting". But the modeling ability of sketch can be used for reference by Chinese painting. And this kind of reference should be cut in the way of sketching in traditional Chinese painting. In my opinion, students of Chinese painting can draw with a brush when they are in sketch class. For example, painting plaster Voltaire, you can draw it like him or not, but it has a lot of brush strokes in it. In this way, the bondage of western-style sketch to Chinese painting can be greatly reduced.

Jiang Jianzhong (Director of Oil Painting Department of Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts, Ph.D.):

Sketch is a "buffet", and you can find yourself only by choosing it individually.

At present, the art scene in China is surging, but the concept of sketch teaching has lagged behind. At present, the meaning of sketch understood by the oil painting major in the Academy of Fine Arts in class is still the second-hand pirated mode of the former Soviet Union, and sketch is already a kind of "stereotyped writing" and a dogma; Placed in the background of the times, it is like salted fish in the refrigerator.

Sketch is like a swamp on the road to the other shore. If the sketch foundation is poor, the picture will be weak. However, for a long time, most of the students in domestic colleges walked into this muddy swamp, but it was difficult to extricate themselves. In the Academy of Fine Arts, sketch classes are met every day, but how to draw sketches today? Most people have not thought about it, but still follow the sketch dogma, and students learn passively. Students only know how to grind a sketch very delicately, but they don’t know how to capture features, how to shape, and how sketch is a way to recognize things. They only use models as props to sketch, which has no vitality and soul.

Students don’t know what to achieve through the rules while learning the rules of sketching.Most students enter the Academy of Fine Arts because they love painting. In the cultural class, they can’t help but smear some strokes on the textbooks and sketch some naive but vivid characters. But when they entered the classroom and faced the models, those imaginations were gone. They are lost in the baggage of "Soviet-style" sketches, and their eyes are blocked by countless blocks, tones, methods and laws, which create obstacles. Every stroke of his works is to embody these laws, but as for the vivid characteristics of the objects and his own feelings, he is numb.I think many people have this experience. When parents feed their children hard every day, the effect is often counterproductive, and the result is anorexia.

In the mode of passive education, there will also be a freak. The more students master the traditional plaster skills, the less they want to create after graduation. In our country, the sketch of college entrance examination is more exam-oriented education, and there are very few personalized things. This "publicity" criterion is very practical for knocking on the door of university, but after entering university, this sketch is unfavorable for a student to become an artist. Students should look for a "private" sketch road from their own hearts and feelings, not too much "publicity". In my opinion, students majoring in oil painting should advocate short-term homework and sketching, and train their eyes’ sharpness and modeling generalization. Capture the most vivid things in the most concise way. In fact, the growth path of ancient western masters is more about drawing short-term homework.

In fact, tradition is dynamic, and you need to "find" tradition according to your own needs.The history of eastern and western art is so long and rich, can you swallow it all? If you can’t digest it, it will be of little value to you. You can only choose the food suitable for your gastrointestinal structure by buffet. If Van Gogh goes to learn from Angel, then Van Gogh does not exist. When you discover and "digest" those "traditions", you will experience the mystery of "transformational creation" and you will gradually discover yourself.

The training of sketch is not only realized by sketching or simulating objects; More importantly, according to one’s hobbies, nature and times, one should constantly absorb and revise the history of art in terms of concepts, expression techniques and modeling, and borrow the experience of predecessors in sketching and implant it into reality.

Jiang Jianzhong’s sketch works

Due to historical reasons, many successful artists found themselves in the oil paintings of western masters after the "reform and opening up", not in sketches. Therefore, most people are more accustomed to thinking and expressing their ideas directly with oil painting materials and tools on canvas, and rarely think or explain their personal artistic views in the form of sketches. Sketch is only regarded as basic training, not an independent art. Many people completely separate creation from sketching. When sketching, it is a mode of thinking, and when creating, it is a set of mode of thinking, which sets them against each other. However, the works of such painters are hard to go far.

Therefore, sketching has been a long time for some artists, just like a student’s exam. After that, he can’t wait to dump his textbook. great escape doesn’t want to look back. Sketch belongs to a position that is hardly even marginal in China.In fact, for artists, sketch is still very important, and it is the artist’s artistic position. Sometimes the record of sketch is more appropriate, natural, simple and convenient. Sketch is an artistic note, an artist’s psychological trajectory and behavior, a front stop of creation, a part of creation and creation itself!What kind of sketch there is, what kind of oil painting there is. Such examples abound in history, such as Van Gogh, Angel, Egon Schiele, Freud and so on.

It is urgent to find your own thinking point and cultivate independent thinking ability, starting from yourself! Please choose your favorite painting style in stages from the huge menu of art history, and look for excitement! Especially when I was a student,We should constantly replace the slippers of masters, wander between art history and objects, and look for interfaces between life and history, and between modernity and tradition. Don’t put basic training in opposition to creation, there should be creative elements in basic training.Maybe this should start at the same time as the first day of laying the foundation!

By the way, in contemporary times, the modeling training of oil painting major and Chinese painting major is facing a common problem. If sketch is regarded as methodology, its meaning will be very broad. In fact, all ethnic groups in the world have their own modeling methods and uniqueness in understanding the world, but they are marginalized.

The difference between China’s traditional modeling concept and the West is that Chinese’s sculpture concept follows the painting, and the clothing lines are completely flat lines, paying attention to density, accessibility, smoothness and implication, and pursuing plane. Western painting follows the sculpture, paying attention to light and shadow, space and strength, and pursuing volume. It is for this reason that beginners advocate painting plaster statues.

Perhaps the world has always been diverse, but for various reasons, we have forgotten our traditions. Interestingly, the concept of Chinese painting specialty has appeared the thinking phenomenon of western sketch, while the west is close to the planarization of the East. In the formation of her culture, a nation is still choosing something suitable for its national development, and is always in the process of absorption, exclusion and integration. Choosing and teaching students how to find food is the most important thing.

The development of western aesthetics basically follows the development of science.The traditional concept of sketch is the result of westerners’ understanding and grasping of the natural world. However, after the popularization of photography technology, the concept of sketching to reproduce nature has been in crisis … If the history of China since the 19th century is a response to the West, can the present era finally be regarded as "the response of the West to the East"?If we bypass the strange circle of cultural opposition between the East and the West, it is possible not to fall into other people’s cultural nests or our own nests. Perhaps, what we have to do is to stand on our own soil, trace back and sort out the cultural traditions of the East and the West from our personal perspective, and integrate them to generate ourselves.

Lu Zhiping (Deputy Director of Print Art Committee of China Artists Association):

Activate the "Eighteen Martial Arts" of Sketch, and enlighten diverse and diverse creations.

The idea of sketch originated in the west. butIf sketch refers to all monochromatic paintings, then in a broad sense, the method of sketching lines with a brush in ancient China can actually be regarded as a sketch.. Even now, some people think that ink painting is a form of sketch, but it was not called that at that time. In fact, most of the early artistic creations in the world are expressed in monochrome, such as rock paintings, rubbings and so on.

Sketch is beneficial to the introduction and development of all plastic arts. For printmaking, for a long period of history, it is mainly monochrome, such as early black and white woodcuts, copperplate prints, lithographs, etc., so printmaking and sketch have a special origin. Sketch should be regarded as an important support for printmaking.

In the field of teaching, how to understand and deal with the relationship between sketch education and printmaking has always been an important topic.Before and after the "Cultural Revolution", in order to make basic teaching connect with printmaking (especially black and white woodcut) more quickly, some domestic art colleges specially designed a set of sketch teaching system at that time. They trained sketch not from light and shade, but more from structure and block. This is a special sketch specially designed for printmaking teaching.

This idea was reasonable at that time, and it was quite effective in promoting the development of printmaking at one stage. But from now on, everything has advantages and disadvantages.At that time, the basis of sketch teaching was: printmaking should have a fixed pattern-large area, big black and white, and sketch served this fixed pattern. However, when the country was opened, it was found that in fact, the forms of printmaking were various.For example, some copperplate paintings pay special attention to light and shadow, while some prints emphasize line texture and sense of form. And different sketches may inspire artists to create different styles of printmaking works, so that printmaking presents a richer look. In this way, it is one-sided to set a fixed routine for a sketch to correspond to a print from the beginning.

Lu Zhiping’s print "The Old Man"

In fact, it is the same in the creation of Chinese painting. For example, if you set the Chinese painting to use lines at the beginning, you emphasize that students should use line drawing more often, but later you find that Chinese painting can also be splashed with ink and boneless, and there are many other methods. The training method of setting the box at the beginning may become a constraint for students. On the contrary, if students are encouraged to try a variety of sketches at the beginning, they will have a broader vision no matter what kind of artistic creation they are engaged in in in the future. From this point of view, sketch is not only a means to teach students to draw, but also a training of observation method and thinking mode. Isn’t creativity advocated in all fields now? Then I think sketch can be used as a way to break through the original frame. It may be more meaningful and reasonable to practice sketch in this way.

As for the sketch examination method widely criticized in college enrollment, I think it is caused by the accumulated disadvantages in the whole education field for many years, which is completely utilitarian. Let the teacher set a model to facilitate grading and admission, and less consideration is given to whether it is beneficial to students’ future growth. Many students like me can be said to be "victims" of this educational system. Because in many cases, our print creation does not advocate to describe the object in front of us truthfully, but emphasizes creativity, so many students feel at a loss and have no direction after they arrive.

We try to let the students learn to change their original thinking that relies on describing objects by observing, summarizing, choosing, imagining, mutating and creating, and let them gradually reverse their thinking mode by using abstract methods, imaginative methods and design methods.

For example, when training students to practice composition, I will ask them: Can ten different pictures be constructed from the same theme? For example, can the same three apples be placed in a variety of ways? Can black-and-white relations be handled differently? This forces them to open their minds. When their composition is finished, I say that at this time, you can choose the one you think is the best. In fact, as long as the mind is open, the hand will keep up. Sketch and composition training are both a form of sketch, which is not only a creative means, but also a support for thinking. The later draft may not be exactly the same as the sketch composition, but it doesn’t matter. The creator can see more lines and possibilities from behind one of the lines, thus getting rid of the dependence on the object.

Of course, I think it’s beneficial to know and try any kind of sketch form, including the plaster statues widely criticized in college enrollment. In fact, there is nothing wrong with learning how to push the work deeper. The problem is that it is wrong to regard such a sketch form as the only golden rule. I think it would be great if we could master the Soviet-style rigorous observation method and step-by-step molding method, and at the same time jump out of it.

I have received this Soviet-style education before. My teacher at that time told me, "After three years, five years and ten years, you will probably realize the effect of this long-term homework on you." Now I have a deep understanding,The value of long-term sketch is not to restore the object realistically, but to let me learn to observe carefully and comprehensively;Learn to make careful and rigorous trade-offs; Learning the expression of full and proper layer-by-layer promotion can also be used to study and explore a variety of expression techniques. This is the training of ability, thinking and mentality.

In plastic arts, printmaking may be a kind of painting with particularly rich styles and techniques, so the corresponding sketch forms should also be varied. For example, there is a technique called "Merutin" in copperplate prints, which pursues rich and subtle color changes, unlike black and white woodcuts. For this printmaking technique, the Soviet-style long-term sketching work will come in handy. Eighteen kinds of martial arts have their own merits, depending on who they are suitable for and on what occasion.

Some students or schools in the west don’t attach importance to sketching and can’t draw, which should not be the object we must follow.Of course, their training methods that attach importance to thinking also have some merits, but this does not mean that "being good at hands" is wrong. Now western painting is also returning, and it is normal to go astray for a period of time, and some overcorrection is also normal. As for us, there is no need to change our minds and follow the trend, as if everyone can’t draw is the "right way", which is completely unnecessary.

Yang Jianping (Vice President of Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts, Professor of Sculpture Department, Doctoral Supervisor):

At present, sketch teaching is like smog, which is a "syndrome"

Sketch, as its name implies, is a way to describe an image in a simple and simple way. Historically, sketch and sculpture are closely related.For sculptors, sketching is a basic training, but also a way to record ideas and creative inspiration. Many sculptors leave a lot of manuscripts besides three-dimensional sculptures, such as Michelangelo and Rodin.

Michelangelo sketch

Relatively speaking, China’s traditional sculptures and paintings are different from western classical realistic styles and methods. It has unique artistic modeling styles and creative methods handed down from ancestors.The ancient sculptures in China have their own strict styles. Through the description of pastels and the dictation of written data, for example, the opening of a Buddha statue has very specific data, all of which have statutes.The East emphasizes inheritance rather than innovation, but these shapes are unique. Therefore, sketch, as a basic practice or recording creation method, has many forms in a broad sense.

Sculpture itself, due to the different cultures, materials and concepts between the East and the West, finally presents a very diversified style, even in a conceptual and installation way. As a sketch teaching, we should also keep up. Otherwise, you just train every student to draw concrete, but in the end, many people actually don’t do concrete at all. It’s not that the "academic" sketch we are learning now has no merit, but at least it’s not good for all of us to do it. There should be a distinction. For those students who insist on figuration, let them study the traditional realistic sketch well. Other students can learn from it, but there is no need to spend too much class time on it. Different students should have different training emphases.

There are various ways to sketch, for example, Bauhaus’s sketch training method is to draw structural relations. Look at the traditional masters, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Holbein and Diu Lei. Those lines are beautiful and expressive. We should oppose dogma and have active thoughts and critical spirit.

Yang Jianping’s work "Jing Zhe"

Our generation learned to sketch, and they danced all the way in "red dancing shoes" and enjoyed it. We visited a place, took out a sketch book and recorded it. It was very enjoyable to start painting, and a painting took half a day. But today’s young people are different. They are willing to take out their mobile phones to take a photo and make a video, which saves time and effort. Their current inspection is more about experience, with a faster pace and more things to see. In the Internet age, such a change is sometimes understandable, but it also raises a question: What kind of basic training do we need and what kind of sketch do we want to draw? Since the birth of photography, it has been an impact on documentary painting, and the artistic expression after that is more of an idea. Do all our students still draw the same sketches like photos? There must be something wrong with this.

We usually say that the master sketches well. In fact, Leonardo da Vinci was not only a painter, but also a naturalist, a scientist and thinker. Now we always say that we should learn from the lines of masters, but people are comprehensive. A person is an artist because he is capable and thoughtful, so he can paint well.The sentence in the allusion of my skillful solution to the cow "I am in a good mood, and I am also a Taoist;" It’s very reasonable to enter the skill. Now people have to "skill" instead of "Tao", putting the cart before the horse.

This also has a lot to do with our current college entrance examination system. It is these patterned sketches that students learn all day for the exam, and they don’t know what to do after entering the university. Some people think that’s how sketches should be drawn. So the students who come in are the students the teacher wants? But if you don’t want it, who can you want? China, with such a large population, how can we get into universities without this method? The sketch of the college entrance examination is indeed widely criticized now, but it is not that simple to reform it.

The existing problems in art education are actually a "syndrome", which is related to the national conditions in China, just like the smog in China. You said that students only know how to paint plaster, and you can’t blame them. They lacked aesthetic education since childhood. On the other hand, after graduation, students in China need to find jobs for their survival and family expectations, so what they have learned has to be "practical".To some extent, the Academy of Fine Arts does not train artists in China, but solves the problem of social employment.

The syllabus clearly says "sketch head" and "still life". You must take this course even if you don’t approve it. Comparatively speaking, the postgraduate stage is relatively flexible. In a word, a series of problems such as national conditions, education system, teachers and even ideology make the teaching reform difficult.

(This series of articles was compiled by Jiang Cen according to interviews)

China’s trade went global. From 1757 to 1842, the 13th Canton was the only "special zone" for the Qing government to trade with Europe and the United States, which made the city retain its memory and make people remember its homesickness. Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,000 years. Every street and lane has a long story, and every brick and tile has a meaningful memory. Today, Xiaobian will appreciate the heavy memory of this city with you, appreciate the spirit tradition of tolerance and openness for more than 2,000 years, and appreciate the endless literary context; Together with you, under the illumination of history, we can understand today and Guangzhou, thus strengthening our cultural self-confidence. In 1757, with the promulgation of the imperial edict on foreign trade in which Qianlong only left Guangdong Customs, the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty was locked in the thirteenth line of Guangzhou. As the only exchange center between Chinese and Western civilizations for 85 years, it is a Chinese and foreign trading place located on the edge of the Pearl River, where foreign ships gather at the thirteen ports, and almost all major countries and regions in Asia, Europe and America have had direct trade relations with the thirteen banks. It has global trade routes to Europe, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. It was the only surviving node of the Maritime Silk Road under the closed-door policy of the Qing government at that time, bearing the gestation and development of modern China’s commercial economy. Although the thirteen lines have disappeared in the long river of history, their historical influence has been continuing. Two hundred years later, history once again chose Guangzhou to undertake the historical mission of "gathering customers from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world". Thirteen lines and the Canton Fair jointly compose the colorful movement of the Maritime Silk Road.It became the epitome of China’s opening to the outside world and economic development in modern times. A long scroll showing the style of the thirteen-line business hall in Qing Dynasty. Where did the thirteenth line come from? Kangxi’s sea trade gave birth to the "Thirteen Lines" and made Guangzhou "trade in one mouth". This was a scene in the 18th century-the Swedish merchant ship King Frederick was sailing off the South China Sea in China. This is a large sailboat of that era. It started from Europe and will arrive in Canton after more than a year’s voyage. In the eyes of westerners, China is a country of silk, porcelain and tea, and there are countless exquisite handicrafts, showing a profound culture. They were pleasantly surprised to find China. Fortunately, the Swedish ship escaped the stormy waves of the Cape of Good Hope, the piracy in Malacca and the threat of epidemic diseases on board, and completed the voyage with 20% staff reduction. Only half of the sailboats that set out with them can reach Guangzhou. Paying such a high price is for the maiden voyage of trade between China and Sweden. After leaving Gothenburg, Sweden, King Frederick went to Spain for the silver that was commonly used in China, and arrived at Lingding Island in Guangzhou on September 6, 1732. During the four months of berthing in Guangzhou, King Frederick ordered 151 large boxes and 1801 bundles of porcelain from more than 10 foreign firms in China, totaling 49,906 pieces. And 2183 boxes of red and green tea. After sailing from Guangzhou, King Frederick returned to Sweden after eight months. Porcelain exported in the Qing Dynasty is bright in color. At that time,Every year, hundreds of such merchant ships come from afar, enter the South China Sea of China through a long waterway, and then go north along the Pearl River to reach Guangzhou, then known as the southern gate of the Eastern Empire. In fact, during the Ming Dynasty, overseas trade was not always smooth, and the imperial court often declared a "sea ban", which lasted until the early Qing Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the sea was closed for 300 years. However, Guangzhou’s ship management organization, Shiboshi, was preserved and continued to play a role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The model of the Swedish merchant ship Gothenburg, which sailed to Guangzhou three times in Qing Dynasty. After Kangxi unified Taiwan Province and put down the San Francisco Rebellion, he began to consider the economic and tax balance of the whole country. He sent Shi Zhu, a cabinet university student, to Guangdong and Fujian for inspection to prepare for the sea trade. Because smuggling is popular, there is opposition in the court. Kangxi asked Shizhu, "How many houses have you been to in Guangdong?" Shizhu replied: "Zhaoqing, Gaozhou, Lianzhou, Leizhou, Qiongzhou, Guangzhou, Chaozhou, etc., where the people said that they had left their homeland for more than 20 years, and now the emperor has leveled the bandits and can go back to their homeland." Kangxi asked again, "So, people are happy to live by the sea, why don’t you allow it?" Shizhu replied, "The sea was sealed in the Ming Dynasty, so we can only do as usual." Kangxi was very dissatisfied and said: "The frontier ministers should take the national economy and people’s livelihood as their thoughts. Although the sea is forbidden today, people who trade privately also go to sea to make a living; To be honest, if you are not allowed, it is just for your own convenience. " Shizhu was speechless for a while. In the 24th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1685), the imperial court opened four ports for trade: Guangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan and Xiamen.However, at that time, there was no distinction between Chinese and foreign trade, and there was no specialized foreign trade firm. In the early days of the switch, when western ships arrived, officials were in a hurry, and foreign ships were often blocked outside the port and could not trade for a long time. In the spring of 1686, the second year of Guangdong Customs switch, the Guangdong government finally found a solution-Wu Xingzuo, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Li Shizhen, Governor of Guangdong, and Yi Ergtu, the supervisor of Guangdong Customs, jointly discussed and divided the national tax into two categories: "residence tax" and "line tax". The "residence tax" is a tax levied on all goods landed in the inland trade of this province, which is collected by the tax department and called "Golden Line"; "Travel tax" is a tax on goods sold by foreign countries and goods traded at sea, which is collected by Guangdong Customs. "Foreign goods line" means "thirteen lines". When it comes to the meaning of "line", it means "line and column", which is "the place where goods live". From then on, foreign goods company 13 became a professional firm engaged in foreign trade, which was managed by the state to prevent free exchanges between Chinese and foreign people. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), Qianlong made a decree in the Forbidden City: "The port is set in Guangdong, and foreign ships are allowed to dock in Guangdong." The other three ports were closed, and Guangzhou became the foreign trade center of Qing Dynasty. This export painting in Qing Dynasty depicts the scene of local businessmen talking with foreign businessmen. How prosperous is the thirteenth line? The 85-year-old "one-stop trade" has made Guangzhou’s routes to the world increasingly developed. In addition to the routes to the Indian Ocean, Nanyang, Japan and Europe that have been in use in the Ming Dynasty, it has also increased the routes to North America, Oceania and Russia through the Cape of Good Hope.In many places overseas, there are scenes of merchants from various countries shuttling around the "canton" thirteen-line commercial pavilion area and tens of thousands of races on the river, which makes people marvel at the prosperity of Guangzhou at that time. Although according to the regulations of the government, foreign businessmen could not live in Guangzhou at that time, but only in the suburbs or Huangpu Port, every rest day, businessmen or sailors could walk into the city gate and visit the flower pagoda and longevity temple of Haikuang Temple, and they could also visit scenic places such as Baiyun Mountain and Fangcun Flower Land. Guangzhou, a trading port, became the preferred "golden port" for western merchant ships after the opening and closing of the Qing Dynasty. Of course, silk porcelain, tea and homespun were exported, while wool, cotton, metals and spices were imported from abroad. In 1984, British divers found the Dutch merchant ship "Helder Malsen" which sank on the rocks in 1751. When it returned from China, it brought 147 pieces of gold, 239,000 pieces of porcelain in 203 boxes, 687,000 pounds of tea, textiles, lacquerware, sappan wood and thymelaeaceae. By 1986, when part of the sunken ship was salvaged for auction, the guests were dumbfounded by the dazzling array of goods. Qing dynasty export porcelain painted with ocean-going sailboats. In those days, foreign businessmen came to Guangzhou with great enthusiasm. Apart from Russian caravans crossing Siberia to the northern border of China and Portuguese merchant ships trading in Macau, neighboring countries and European and American countries, including the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, France, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Prussia, Italy, the United States and Peru, participated in the tribute trade with China.All of them are trading in the 13th Commercial Hall in Guangzhou. In Berlin Coin Museum, Germany, there is a silver coin with the head of Prussian king on the front and a Guangzhou businessman in Qing Dynasty costume on the back. There is a box of tea behind the businessman. This is a commemorative coin made for Prussian merchant ships who sailed to Guangzhou for the first time in the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1753), and it is the only commemorative coin in Europe with the image of Qing Dynasty. Among the foreign ships coming to China, there are also names with Chinese flavor, such as "Guangzhou", "Merchant of China" and "empress of china". This painting for export in Qing Dynasty reflects thirteen lines of street customs. It is worth mentioning that there are canton in many overseas places. For example, Canton in Massachusetts and Canton in Georgia are towns named after Guangzhou, while Canton in northeast Ohio is the largest Guangzhou city in the United States. Since the second half of the 18th century, there have been dozens of foreign merchant ships coming to Guangzhou every year, with more than 80 at the most. By the early 19th century, it had increased to one or two hundred. In 1784, the American merchant ship "empress of china" made its maiden voyage to Guangzhou with leather goods and American ginseng worth 120,000 US dollars. "empress of china" also kept all the naval equipment to prevent pirates from looting. On May 11th, 1785, "empress of china" returned to the United States, causing a sensation all over the country. All the goods on board were snapped up, and Washington, the founding president of the United States, also bought a teapot with a dragon pattern. Line 13 has "Tianzi Nanku"There is also a domineering name for the thirteen lines: "Tianzi Nanku". In the process of accumulating wealth, the court also got huge benefits from Guangzhou. From the first year of Daoguang (1821) to the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), more than 1.5 million taels of silver tax were received in Guangzhou every year, all of which were dominated by the royal family. The foreign firm also transported foreign goods such as ivory, enamel, snuff, clocks, glassware, gold and silver for the emperor. In the list of 1738, 88 of the 102 tributes were exotic foreign goods. In 1754, hall of mental cultivation was built in the Forbidden City in Beijing, which needed valuable timber from Nanyang, and Guangdong imported 56,400 Jin for it. In 1708, Kangxi suddenly became seriously ill and drank the red wine prepared by the foreign imperial doctor Rod, and his heartbeat quickly returned to normal. In the future, whenever foreign ships entered Hong Kong, Kangxi asked if there was any wine, and if there was, he asked for it to be transported to Beijing as soon as possible. Soon, the world wines gathered in Guangzhou, and a wine "hotline" was formed between Beijing and Guangzhou. In 1758, in an imperial edict, Qianlong instructed that "foreign clocks and watches, western gold beads, exotic furnishings or fresh utensils should be bought", and that "there is no need to cherish fees". It can be seen that Guangdong Customs, Guangzhou Foreign Firm and the court are inextricably linked, and the thirteenth line has become the only foreign goods supply place that the royal family can rely on, so it is called "Tianzi Nanku". The richest group in China relied on the monopoly privilege of foreign trade, and a number of China tycoons appeared in the 13th line, such as Pan Zhencheng, Wu Bingjian and Lu Guanheng, all of whom were rich, among which Wu Bingjian was the most prominent and became the richest man in the world at that time. Wu Bingjian has 26 million taels of silver,It is equivalent to more than 5 billion yuan today, and its income is half that of the Qing government. His son invests in railways in the United States, and the annual interest alone is more than 200,000 taels of silver. In addition, Shisanhang has also become a bridgehead for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Chinese porcelain, export paintings and folk handicrafts are exported from here, and foreign scientific knowledge, culture and art are also introduced into China from here. Exquisite export products in Qing Dynasty. The picture shows the export porcelain candlestick in Qing Dynasty. The relationship between Shisanhang and the world far exceeds trade. In the history of Shisanhang, there were three big fires, and the last fire completely burned Shisanhang. The first fire was in 1822. A cake shop near Shisanhang caught fire, which affected Shisanhang. The fire burned for two days, and many foreign business halls and foreign firms were burned down. In 1842, the thirteenth line suffered a second fire. In 1856, when the Second Opium War broke out, the British army shelled Guangzhou and burned thirteen lines. All the buildings and goods in the thirteen lines were destroyed in the fire. "The connection between the thirteen lines and the world lies not only in trade. It is the first place where the eastern and western hemispheres blend in all directions in the fields of politics, economy, culture, religion, science and technology, language, art and law. " Lily li, curator of Thirteen Lines Museum, said. Tan Yuanheng, a professor and doctoral supervisor of South China University of Technology, believes that Guangzhou has its own urban pattern, which is the economic pattern naturally formed by commercial trade. From the "Fanfang" in the Middle Ages, the Haizhu Stone Commercial Port in the near ancient times, until the appearance of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines, Guangzhou was well-deserved as the "Millennium Commercial Capital". The formation of the city of Guangzhou,It is similar to Florence, Milan, Venice, Rome and other commercial cities with rich wealth in the west. It is the commercial prosperity since ancient times that created Guangzhou and gave birth to Guangzhou-from the beginning, Guangzhou has the characteristics of a marine and commercial city. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that Shisanxing appeared in Guangzhou, and it was integrated into the world, becoming the earliest commercial leader with modern colors of China. The 13th Guangzhou Tour also has a positive impact on the development of the world economic system. Wang Yuanlin, director and professor of 13th Line Research Center of Guangzhou University, said that 13th Line has a merchant guarantee system, that is, the merchant guarantees many affairs of foreign merchant ships coming to China, bears many responsibilities such as guarantee, and may not owe foreign debts. Once the hong merchants go bankrupt due to debts owed to foreign merchants, other hong merchants will be responsible for sharing the compensation. "This’ sitting together’ guarantee system later became an important reference for the US banking deposit insurance system." Wang Yuanlin said. According to the Secret Files of Foreign Merchants in Qing Dynasty, an American businessman owed Jardine Matheson Wu Bingjian 72,000 silver dollars, which he was unable to repay. When Wu Bingjian tore up the IOUs, he used "Guangzhou English" in his dialogue with American businessmen. New Mission and New Action: Undertaking the historical mission of making friends with the world. Although the back of Guangzhou’s leap into a trillion-dollar city of foreign trade has disappeared in the long river of history, the legacy left by the thirteenth line-the business spirit of facing the world, being the first, being open and innovative, and striving for perfection-has been engraved in Guangzhou’s genes, and Guangzhou has always been at the forefront of China’s foreign trade exchanges. Two hundred years apart, history once again chose Guangzhou in 1951, in order to strengthen the circulation of urban and rural materials,Guangzhou decided to hold an unprecedented material exchange conference called South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference. Twelve permanent and semi-permanent exhibition halls have been built in the original site of Thirteen Lines. This modernist architectural complex also laid the foundation for the development of cultural parks in the future. In 1952, "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" was established at the site of the South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference, and became a famous exhibition place for cultural activities at that time. In January 1956, Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace was renamed Guangzhou Cultural Park. From "South China Native Products Exhibition and Exchange Conference" to "Lingnan Cultural Relics Palace" and then to "Guangzhou Cultural Park", the names were inscribed by Ye Jianying. Two hundred years after Thirteen Lines were born, history once again chose Guangzhou as the window for China’s foreign trade exchange. On April 25th, 1957, the first floor of Sino-Soviet Friendship Building in Liuhua Road, Guangzhou was filled with gongs and drums, and the first China Export Commodities Fair (hereinafter referred to as the Canton Fair) opened here! "’Poop-poop’ went through the tunnel and the clothes were blackened." At that time, Li Huan, a 31-year-old Hong Kong buyer, arrived at the meeting on a coal-burning train. Without much care, he excitedly squeezed into the cheering crowd. "I have confidence in the sales of domestic products," he recalled fondly. The original intention of the Canton Fair was to meet the needs of economic construction and develop international trade in exchange for foreign exchange. At that time, New China urgently needed to open a channel to connect with the international market, and use the commodity exhibition as a window to display and trade export commodities. The host city of this exhibition should have a foreign trade foundation and a unique geographical advantage.Looking at China at that time, Guangzhou was the best choice: Guangzhou had a long history of foreign trade and was the only trading port in China under the closed door policy of the feudal dynasty for a long time. In terms of location, Guangdong is close to Hong Kong and Macao, which is the most convenient for Hong Kong businessmen. Only Guangzhou in Guangdong can undertake the historical mission of "making friends with the world". The turnover of the first Canton Fair accounted for 20% of the country’s total foreign exchange income in that year, which opened a channel for new China to communicate with the world in the high-pressure international political environment and suffered from "economic blockade" and "goods embargo", and the abbreviation of "Canton Fair" soon became familiar to the world. Since then, the Canton Fair has been held regularly in spring and autumn every year without interruption. Thousands of China enterprises have successfully entered the international market through the Canton Fair, and their export commodities have also changed from primary products to "made in China" and "made in China", and from offline to online and offline integration … On October 15, 2021, the 130th Canton Fair kicked off. During the 65 years from 1957 to 2021, the Canton Fair moved four times in Guangzhou, and the construction area of the exhibition hall expanded from the initial 18,000 square meters to 1.1 million square meters today. The cumulative export turnover of the Canton Fair exceeded US$ 1.4 trillion, accounting for more than 50% of the national export proportion. It has established trade relations with more than 210 countries and regions around the world, and accumulated about 8.8 million overseas buyers flew across the ocean to participate in the conference. The turnover is far from comparable to that of the thirteen banks in that year. In 2021, the total import and export value of Guangzhou’s foreign trade reached 1,082.59 billion yuan.Become a "trillion city of foreign trade". Through the Canton Fair, "gathering customers from all over the world, selling goods from all over the world and selling goods from all over the world" became a reality. In the export painting of Qing Dynasty, a grocery store on the street of Guangzhou. Canton Fair promotes the safe and smooth operation of the global industrial chain and supply chain. On July 19th, 2021, the State Council announced the list of the first batch of cities to cultivate and build an international consumption center. There are five major cities in China, and Guangzhou is the only non-municipality directly under the Central Government. Guangzhou has tasted the "first soup" of cultivating and building an international consumption center city. It is reported that Guangzhou has started the cultivation and construction of an international consumption center city in an all-round way, and it is planned to basically build an intelligent, fashionable and modern international consumption center city facing the world in about five years, so as to realize the transformation from "selling the world" to "selling and buying the world". In 2016, Guangzhou established the 13th Line Museum in Guangzhou on the site of 13th Line Foreign Commercial Pavilion in Qing Dynasty (in Guangzhou Cultural Park). According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines Museum, there are more than 4,800 pieces (sets) of cultural relics in the collection, which show the history of Thirteen Lines by means of "cultural relics+historical documents", sand table and electronic animation. "To some extent, Line 13 has a wonderful connection with the Canton Fair." Ye Nong, a professor at China Institute of Cultural History of Jinan University, said this. Cantonese English is very popular. In the process of "one-stop trade" for a long time, Guangzhou people invented a special language-"Guangzhou English". At that time, the inventor of "Guangzhou English" marked the pronunciation of English words in Cantonese, and gradually formed a distinctive one."Local English". After the opening of Shanghai, "Guangzhou English" spread to Shanghai and became the originator of "Pidgin English". Can you understand "Guangzhou English" Chinese: chin-chin, how do you do, long time my no hab see you. (Please, hello! I haven’t seen you for a long time) Foreigner: l can secure hab long time before time my no have come this shop. (It’s really been a long time, I didn’t come to your shop last time) Chinese: Hi-ya, so, eh! What thing wantchee? Oh, really, what do you want? ) foreigner: oh, some little chow-chow thing. you have got some ginger sweet? Oh, I want something small. Do you have any ginger preserves? ) Chinese: Just Now No Got, L Think Canton Habgot Velly Few That Sutemeet. (Not now, I think there are few such candied fruits in Guangzhou) (Excerpted from Wu Yixiong’s "Guangzhou English" and Chinese-Western Communication before the mid-19th century).The deep contact between the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world and foreigners in China made Thirteen Hong Merchants become the first group of people who opened their eyes to the world in China. During the Opium War, thirteen merchants took the lead in donating money to introduce advanced western technology and upgrade the equipment of Guangdong Navy. Pan Shirong devoted himself to imitating the most advanced steamship in the world at that time; Pan Shicheng hired a US naval officer with a high salary to copy the earliest modern mine in China-"Ship Attack Mine"; Zheng Chongqian was the first Chinese to spread the vaccinia law. The Wu family contributed a lot to the introduction of western medicine into China. The Vaccinium Vaccination Bureau, the first hospital in China, and the Ophthalmology Medical Bureau of Peter Peter Parker also received strong support from the Wu family. It can be said that the thirteen-line merchants were the earliest practitioners of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", which was 20 years earlier than the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty. After the end of the "one-stop trade" era, a large number of Guangzhou foreign trade businessmen moved to Shanghai and Hong Kong, forming the first wave of immigration in Shanghai. In the 1950s, Shanghai replaced Guangzhou as the largest trading port in China. What attracted the most attention from Guangdong was no longer goods, but a group of people called "comprador". The original Shanghai foreign firm was "comprador" and "half of it was made by Cantonese people". After arriving in Shanghai, Guangdong Hong merchants bought a large number of properties and real estate, and planned to build a Shanghai version of the "Thirteen Hong Merchants Pavilion" and rent it to foreign businessmen. However, because local officials accepted bribes from British businessmen, Guangdong merchants are nominally property owners of real estate and real estate.However, he was deprived of the right to dispose of real estate and real estate, and was forced to rent it to the British permanently without receiving the rent. Relying on this concession, British businessmen expanded step by step in Shanghai, and finally the Bund was formed in this area. The annotation "line, column also" in "thirteen lines" is "the place where goods live", which is the definition of "line" in ancient books. Guangzhou Shisanhang was a firm specializing in foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, and it was a monopoly institution designated by the Qing government to specialize in foreign trade. In 1813 and 1837, there happened to be thirteen firms, such as Jardine Matheson of Wu Bingjian, Kwong Lee of Lu Jiguang, Tong Fu of Pan Shaoguang, etc., but the number of the firms varied, ranging from four to more than twenty, and the "thirteen firms" were just the established appellation. The names of banks often change, including Xinglong, Lianxing, Dexing, Zhengxing, Tongxing, Yuanchang, Jinyuan, Yihe and Baoshun. Among them, Pan, Wu, Lu and Ye, the four major merchants, had more property than the national treasury income at that time, and they were truly "extremely rich". According to Wang Zhen, deputy director of the Thirteen Lines Museum in Guangzhou, according to historical records, the Thirteen Lines Site is located in today’s Guangzhou Cultural Park and its surrounding areas, including the China line number and the foreign commercial museum. The China line number is scattered, and some line numbers are outside the Thirteen Lines Street; However, foreign commercial pavilions are relatively concentrated, and the houses are all built facing the Pearl River, like a floating city on the water.